tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47677515068414012832024-03-13T09:31:48.364-07:00SOMETHING THAT ANCIENT IN INDONESIASusilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-64107126010024758022009-05-22T06:13:00.000-07:002010-11-05T05:19:28.078-07:00Secrets of The Solar System<center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">SECRETS OF SOLAR SYSTEM</span></span><p><br /><object width="410" height="332"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/WmMtBcNKMGg?fs=1&hl=en_US"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/WmMtBcNKMGg?fs=1&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="410" height="332"></embed></object></center>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-62917465035307300692009-05-22T05:46:00.000-07:002009-05-22T05:53:54.692-07:00Human Evolution<center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">HUMAN EVOLUTION</span></span><p><object width="400" height="300"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/p/6D65662941BC05F0&hl=en&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/p/6D65662941BC05F0&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="400" height="300" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object><br /></p></center><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Human Evolution -- Rise of Man</span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Trace your family tree back to its roots and meet your ancestors. You should get to know them, without them you won't be here. They harnessed fire and battled nature, they braced for extinction and discovered there soul. They invented tools, mastered speech and created art. They explored the unknown and settled the continents. From a two legged beast eking out an existence they evolved to plant the roots of civilization. Man is the ultimate survivor. How we made it, is the greatest story ever told and all based on Scientific Facts.<br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">To watch the full show go to my channel ( Zuke696 ) then go to my Playlist, find the show then click Play All - Trace your family tree back to its roots and meet your ancestors. You should get to know them, without them you won't be here. They harnessed fire and battled nature, they braced for extinction and discovered there soul. They invented tools, mastered speech and created art. They explored the unknown and settled the continents. From a two legged beast eking out an existence they evolved to plant the roots of civilization. Man is the ultimate survivor. How we made it, is the greatest story ever told and all based on Scientific Facts.</span></span></div>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-91060675764046410952009-05-22T05:39:00.000-07:002009-05-22T05:42:46.273-07:00How Life Began<center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">HOW LIFE BEGAN</span></span></center><center><br /></center><center><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; white-space: pre; font-family:Arial;font-size:10px;"><object width="400" height="300"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/p/B930E7F606350186&hl=en&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/p/B930E7F606350186&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="400" height="300" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></span><br /></div></center><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">How Life Began</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 204);">Roughly 4 Billion years ago on a big wet rock a strange and mysterious phenomenon occurs. None living materials becomes life, ever since then nothing has been the same on Earth. How could something as Complex and astonishing as life just happen? Does life emerge from a tide pool of chemical soup? Is it born in rocks deep below Earth surface, and what is this first living thing? What awesome force creates this miraculous chain of life, man continues to seek answers to this extraordinary mystery. The mystery of How Life Began.</span></span>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-2869710696970427842009-05-22T05:21:00.000-07:002009-05-22T05:38:48.418-07:00The Planets<center><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">The Expanding Universe - The Planets</span></span></span></span></span></span></center><center><br /></center><center><object width="400" height="300"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/p/509FDEF53DB6F656&hl=en&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/p/509FDEF53DB6F656&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="400" height="300" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></center>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-47867435605649097472009-05-22T04:23:00.000-07:002009-05-22T04:26:23.946-07:00Physics Science Applications<center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 102);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Physics Science Applications</span></span></span></span><p></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;"><object width="400" height="300"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/p/3F258E5EB7DD62A1&hl=en&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/p/3F258E5EB7DD62A1&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="400" height="300" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></span><br /></div></center>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-17148229091973106172009-05-03T05:05:00.000-07:002009-05-03T06:43:34.249-07:00Kutai Kingdom<h1 style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 1.2pt; "><span style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Kutai Kingdom</span></span></span></span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">1.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The History</span></span></span></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">History of </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> is divided into two phases: (1) Kutai Martadipura phase and (2) Kutai Kartanegara phase. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">a.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai Martadipura </span></span></span></i></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai, according to the oldest written data, constituted the oldest kingdom in </span></span><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Indonesia</span></span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. Estimated in the 5</span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">th</span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> century/ approximately 400 C.E, the existence of the Kutai kingdom was based on seven </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">yupa</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> (pillar)-shaped inscriptions excavated in Kaman estuary, Kutai Kartanegara regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Using </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Pallawa</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> letters and Sanskrit language, the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Yupa</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> inscription inscribed the story of a Kutai Martadipura King named Mulawarman. He was son of Aswawarman King and grandson of </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Maharaja</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> (king of the king) Kudungga. Kutai stories are understood mostly from interpretation of written information carved on the inscriptions and </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Salasilah</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> Kutai on which most archeologists relied their knowledge. This lack of historical legacies leads to the minimum information on the </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">b.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura</span></span></span></i></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Generally, the archeological and historical studies on Kutai are circumscribed. It is so due to most of historical sites in which Kutai inheritance was found are shattered by excessive mining activities. However, meager amount of data on Kutai Kartanegara especially during the 13</span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">th</span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> century upward can be obtained through those inscriptions. In the 13</span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">th</span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> century, the Kutai kingdom was established and Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti (1300-1325 C.E) was installed as the first King. The central Kingdom was situated in Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">In the 16</span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">th</span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> century, Kutai Kartanegara King named Aji Pangeran Sinum Panji Mendapa successfully defeated </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Martadipura</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> and eventually merged it with his Kingdom. In its development, Aji Pangeran initiated to establish </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kartanegara</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Ing</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Martadipura</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> which was originally the amalgamation of both kingdoms: </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kartanegara</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdoms</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> and Martadipura. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The change of king title from </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Raja</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> (king) to Sultan occurred in the 17</span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">th</span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> century when Islam came to the kingdom. At the time, Islam was widely accepted by most of Kutai people and officially legitimated as the Kingdom religion. Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris (1735-1778 C.E) was the first sultan who used Islamic name. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">During his period, Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris and his followers made a trip to Wajo area for supporting his son in-law Sultan Wajo Lamaddukelleng to fight against VOC (the Dutch East India Company). To replace the king position, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Dewan Perwalian</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> (trusteeship council) was formed. Following the death of Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris In 1739 C.E who fell in a Wajo battle, internal conflict which was marked by struggle over the Kutai kingship among his descendants gradually appeared. Aji Kado, officially was not entitled to the Kutai Kingship, seized the throne of the kingdom and later on became the legal king of Kutai titled Sultan Aji Muhammad Aliyeddin. In attempt to avoid prolonged conflict, the young prince Aji Imbut, son of Aji Muhammad, was run away by remaining royalties to Wajo. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji imbut, the official heir apparent to Kutai throne, who grew into an adult in Wajo eventually returned to Kutai. Bugis society and kingdom officials who were still loyal to Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris installed Aji Imbut as the Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara titled Sultan Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin. The event of coronation which was held in Mangkujenang (Samarinda Seberang) triggered the conflict between the two Kings: Aji Kado and Aji Imbut. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Using embargo as a main war strategy, Aji Imbut successfully regained the kingship of Kutai and became the Kutai King with the previous title Sultan Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin. During the war, Aji Imbut was benefited from pirates` support for blockading Pemarangan, the capital of Kutai Kartanegara. Feeling exhorted by Aji Imbut attack, Aji kado asked VOC for military support to protect Kutai territory. However, VOC denied the request. Aji Kado then was sentenced to death and buried in </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Jembayan</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Island</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The first step taken by Aji Imbut after being Kuta King was moving the capital of Kingdom from Pemarangan to Tepian Pandan in September 28, 1782 C.E. The moving was based on two important considerations: to erase bad memory regarding past conflict over kingship, and to mark the end of Aji Kado period. Since the King ruled the Kingdom from Tepian Pandan, the name of Capital was changed into </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Tangga Arung</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> meaning King House. In 1883 C.E, Aji Imbut was replaced by Sultan Aji Muhammad Salehuddin. Kutai people gradually simplified the name of kingdom capital and merged the two words </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Tangga Arung</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> to become </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Tenggarong</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. This name, until now, becomes the popularly used name. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">c.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">European Colonialism Era</span></span></span></i></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai rapport with European people was commenced in 1844 C.E. by the coming of two British commercial ships under supervisor of James Erskine Murray. They visited Kutai land for establishing commercial posts and demanding privilege to operate steamers in Mahakam waters. Sultan Aji Muhammad Salehuddin refuted to meet all the requests and gave permission for </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Murray</span></span></st1:city></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> to conduct commercial trade in solely Samarinda territory. Being disappointed of Sultan`s decision, Murray opened fire to Sultan castle. Kingdom troops were encouraged to fight against British forces. Eventually, </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Murray</span></span></st1:city></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> was killed in the battle and most of his soldiers run away. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">News on the British shellacking in the battle, which was heard by British authorities, exploded their anger and motivated them to take revenge on </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. However, the Dutch ensured the British that Kutai was under the Dutch authority which means that it was the Dutch responsibility. Hence, several military fleets and forces were sent to fight Kutai. In an attempt to defend the central Kingdom, Tenggarong, Kutai commandant Awang Lor fell in the battle and Sultan Aji Muhammad Salehudin was sent to exile in Bangun city. Since that moment on, Kutai had been under the Dutch rule. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">In October 11, 1844 C.E, Sultan A.M. Salehuddin was forced by the Dutch to sign an agreement stating his acknowledging and submission to the authority of the Dutch which was represented by delegation situated in </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Banjarmasin</span></span></st1:city></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. In 1863 C.E, Kutai Kartanegara conducted for second time a meeting with the Dutch to make a treaty upon which the submission of Kutai under the Dutch East </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">India</span></span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> government was agreed. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">In 1888 C.E, a Dutch engineer named J.H. Menten opened coal mining first in Batu Panggal and exploitated oil in Kutai region. Profits from this natural resources exploitation went to Sultan Sulaiman </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">In 1942 C.E, when Japanese forces occupied the Kutai terrirories, Sultan Sulaiman was subject unto </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Japan</span></span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> emperor, Tenno Heika. In the meantime, the emperor honored the Sultan by giving him title </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Koo</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> and name for the Kingdom “</span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kooti</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">”. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara that holded status of Swapraja region, along with other sultanates such as Bulungan, Sambaliung, Gunung Tabur and Pasir united in </span></span><st1:place st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">East Kalimantan</span></span></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> federation. This unification occured in 1945 C.E when the </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">republic</span></span></st1:placetype><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> of </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Indonesia</span></span></st1:placename></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> gained its independence. Afterwards, this federation became Sultanate council. In December 27, 1949 C.E, Kutai integrated within the united </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">republic</span></span></st1:placetype><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> of </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Indnesia</span></span></st1:placename></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> (Republik Indonesia Serikat). </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">2.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The Kings of the Kingdom</span></span></span></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">So far, archeologists are not able to reveal the comprehensive data on Kutai Kings in the era of Kutai Martadipura. However, it is believed that the founder of the Kingdom was Aswawarman. As stated in Yupa inscriptions, Aswawarman was called as </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Dewa Ansuman/Dewa Matahari</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> (Deity of Sun) and perceived as Wangsakerta, the founder of family king. The statement inscribed in the Yupa shows that Aswawarman was a king who embraced Hindu as his religion and the founder of dynasty/Kutai king family. Maharaja Kudungga was the ruler of Kutai Martadipura before Aswawarman.</span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Unlike Kutai Martadipura, the kings of Kutai Kartanegara in the 13</span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">th</span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> century can be traced completely. Below are the kings who had ever ruled the </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kartanegara</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. </span></span><span style="display:none;mso-hide:all"> </span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">1.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti (1300-1325 C.E)</span></span></span><span style=" font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">2.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Batara Agung Paduka Nira (1325-1360 C.E)</span></span></span><span style=" font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">3.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Maharaja Sultan (1360-1420 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">4.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Raja Mandarsyah (1420-1475 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">5.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Bayabaya (1475-1545 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">6.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Raja Mahkota Mulia Alam (1545-1610 C.E)</span></span></span><span style=" font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">7.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Dilanggar (1610-1635 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">8.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Pangeran Sinum Panji Mendapa ing Martapura (1635-1650 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">9.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Pangeran Dipati Agung ing Martapura (1650-1665 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">10.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Pangeran Dipati Maja Kusuma ing Martapura (1665-1686 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">11.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Ragi gelar Ratu Agung (1686-1700 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">12.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Pangeran Dipati Tua (1700-1730 C.E)</span></span></span><span style=" font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">13.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Pangeran Anum Panji Mendapa ing Martapura (1730-1732 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">14.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Muhammad Idris (1732-1778 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">15.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Muhammad Aliyeddin (1778-1780 C.E)</span></span></span><span style=" font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">16.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin (1780-1816 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">17.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Muhammad Salehuddin (1816-1845 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">18.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Muhammad Sulaiman (1850-1899 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">19.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Muhammad Alimuddin (1899-1910 C.E)</span></span></span><span style=" font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">20.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Aji Muhammad Parikesit (1920-1960 C.E)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi- font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">21.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">H. Aji Muhammad Salehuddin II (1999-now)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">3.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The Kingdom Period</span></span></span></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The period of </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Martadipura</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> had commenced since the rule of Kudungga in the 5</span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">th</span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> century and ended when amalgamated with </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> in the 13</span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">th</span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> century due to its defeat. Afterward, the period of </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kartanegara</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> has begun up to now. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">4.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Territory</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place></span></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><st1:placename st="on"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></span></st1:placename><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Martadipura</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Territory</span></span></st1:placetype><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> encompassed present eastern part of East Kalimantan, especially area where the </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Mahakam</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">River</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> flows. The </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">territory</span></span></st1:placetype><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> of </span></span><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai Ing Martadipura</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> included present Kutai Kartanegara district, west Kutai, east Kutai, Bontang, Samarinda, and </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Balikpapan</span></span></st1:city></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">5.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The Kingdom Structure</span></span></span></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Archeological data that provides detailed information on the structure of </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kutai</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Kingdom</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> is not available. The data merely shows the Buddhism`s influence on the kingdom. Hence, it can be concluded that the kingdom was ruled by a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Raja</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> (king). However, further information on how the kings operated the kingdom, who administer the governance, who served the Kings, what were their titles, and detailed responsibilities are not available. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">6.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The Socio-Cultural life</span></span></span></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The only reliable sources providing the information and knowledge on socio cultural life of Kutai people are seven </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Yupa</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> inscriptions, and manuscript of </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Salasilah</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> Kutai. Therefore, the socio cultural life related-data is very minimum </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">a.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Social Life </span></span></span></i></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">The </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Yupa</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> inscription depicted social life in which harmoniuos relation of Mulawarman King with Brahmana people established. King Mulawarman presented lot of golds and gave alms, amounted 20.000 cows, to Brahmana people in their holy land called </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Waprakeswara</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. The holy land was a place at which Brahmana people worship their deity of `</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Syiwa`</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. This place was called Baprakewara in </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Java</span></span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span><st1:placetype st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Island</span></span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Where those gold and cows came from were unknown. If it is assumed that those things were gotten from outside Kutai, it means that the Kingdom had formed trade links with other kingdoms. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 2.15pt;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">b.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> </span></span></span></span></span></i></b><strong><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Cultural Life</span></span></span></i></strong><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">It can be said that the cultural life of Kutai can be categorized as the advanced culture. This can be seen from ceremony of </span></span><strong><i><span style=" font-weight:normal;font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Vratyastoma</span></span></span></i></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> (blessing for those who embrace the Hindu) performed in the Kingdom. The ceremony was first conducted in the period of Aswawarman. According to some experts</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> this sacred ceremony is usually leaded by </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Brahmana</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> (Hindu Priest) coming from </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">India</span></span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. However, it is assumed that the leader of ceremony in Kutai period did not come from </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">India</span></span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> but instead it was leaded by native </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Brahmana</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. The existence of these native </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Brahmana</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> indicated advanced intellectuality of Kutai people since the major condition to become a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Brahmana</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> was Sanskrit language proficiency. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">In addition, there are some archeological evidences found in </span></span><st1:place st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">East Kalimantan</span></span></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"> that show the existence of advanced society in the area. Some experts estimate those societies had existed since thousands years ago, pre historic time. One of the things is caves in east Kalimantan, surrounding Marang mount, 400 km north of </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Balikpapan</span></span></st1:city></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">. In the cave, found several artefacts such as pieces of ceramics and burial plots. The cave, which was used also for settling, is ornamented with decoration and ancient drawings. These discoveries, supposedly, originate from pre-historic era 10.000 years ago. Another excavation in Kutai kingdom site found several artifacts such as debris of temple, ceramics, bronze statue, vessels, and beads. These findings supported the argument that the culture of Kutai at that time was an advanced culture. </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt"><span style=" ;font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Sumber: </span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0ptcolor:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: Verdana;">history.melayuonline.com<br /></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0ptcolor:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">www.e-dukasi.net</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0ptcolor:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">www.KutaiKartanegara.com</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" color="#333333" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;mso-line-height-alt:2.15pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span lang="IT" style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:ITfont-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">Prasetyo Eko Prihananto, Sejarah Kita Berawal Dari Kutai, dalam Kompas 3 November 2004.</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p></p>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-33939581491870202902009-04-02T09:54:00.000-07:002009-04-02T11:49:16.972-07:00History of Indonesia Summary<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></div><span><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">UMUM</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Republik Indonesia disingkat RI atau Indonesia adalah negara di Asia Tenggara, terletak di garis khatulistiwa dan berada di antara benua Asia dan Australia serta antara Samudra Pasifikdan Samudra Hindia. Karena letaknya yang berada di antara dua benua, dan dua samudra, ia disebut juga sebagai Nusantara (Kepulauan Antara). Terdiri dari 17.508 pulau, Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia. Dengan populasi sebesar 222 juta jiwa pada tahun 2006,[3]Indonesia adalah negara berpenduduk terbesar keempat di dunia dan negara yang berpendudukMuslim terbesar di dunia, meskipun secara resmi bukanlah negara Islam. Bentuk pemerintahan Indonesia adalah republik, dengan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dan presiden yang dipilih langsung. Ibukota negara ialah Jakarta. Indonesia berbatasan dengan Malaysia di Pulau Kalimantan, dengan Papua Nugini di Pulau Papua dan dengan Timor Leste di Pulau Timor. Negara tetangga lainnya adalah Singapura, Filipina, Australia, dan wilayah persatuan Kepulauan Andaman dan Nikobar di India.<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Sejarah Indonesia banyak dipengaruhi oleh bangsa lainnya. Kepulauan Indonesia menjadi wilayah perdagangan penting setidaknya sejak sejak abad ke-7, yaitu ketika Kerajaan Sriwijayamenjalin hubungan agama dan perdagangan dengan Tiongkok dan India. Kerajaan-kerajaan Hindudan Buddha telah tumbuh pada awal abad Masehi, diikuti para pedagang yang membawa agamaIslam, serta berbagai kekuatan Eropa yang saling bertempur untuk memonopoli perdagangan rempah-rempah Maluku semasa era penjelajahan samudra. Setelah sekitar 350 tahun penjajahan Belanda, Indonesia menyatakan kemerdekaannya di akhir Perang Dunia II. Selanjutnya Indonesia mendapat tantangan dari bencana alam, korupsi, separatisme, proses demokratisasi dan periode perubahan ekonomi yang pesat.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dari Sabang sampai Merauke, Indonesia terdiri dari berbagai suku, bahasa dan agama yang berbeda. Suku Jawa adalah grup etnis terbesar dan secara politis paling dominan. Semboyan nasional Indonesia, "Bhinneka tunggal ika" ("Berbeda-beda tetapi tetap satu"), berarti keberagaman yang membentuk negara. Selain memiliki populasi besar dan wilayah yang padat, Indonesia memiliki wilayah alam yang mendukung tingkat keanekaragaman hayati terbesar kedua di dunia.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: center;">ETIMOLOGI<br /></div></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Kata "Indonesia" berasal dari kata dalam bahasa Latin yaitu Indus yang berarti "India" dan kata dalam bahasa Yunani nesos yang berarti "pulau". Jadi, kata Indonesia berarti wilayah India kepulauan, atau kepulauan yang berada di India, yang menunjukkan bahwa nama ini terbentuk jauh sebelum Indonesia menjadi negara berdaulat. Pada tahun 1850, George Earl, seorangetnolog berkebangsaan Inggris, awalnya mengusulkan istilah Indunesia dan Malayunesia untuk penduduk "Kepulauan India atau Kepulauan Melayu". Murid dari Earl, James Richardson Logan, menggunakan kata Indonesia sebagai sinonim dari Kepulauan India. Namun, penulisan akademik Belanda di media Hindia Belanda tidak menggunakan kata Indonesia, tetapi istilahKepulauan Melayu (Maleische Archipel); Hindia Timur Belanda (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), atauHindia (Indië); Timur (de Oost); dan bahkan Insulinde (istilah ini diperkenalkan tahun 1860 oleh novel Max Havelaar (1859), ditulis oleh Multatuli, mengenai kritik terhadap kolonialisme Belanda).<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sejak tahun 1900, nama Indonesia menjadi lebih umum pada lingkaran akademik diluar Belanda, dan golongan nasionalis Indonesia menggunakannya untuk ekspresi politik.[9] Adolf Bastian dari Universitas Berlin mempopulerkan nama ini melalui buku Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. Pelajar Indonesia pertama yang mengunakannya ialahSuwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), yaitu ketika ia mendirikan kantor berita di Belanda yang bernama Indonesisch Pers-bureau di tahun 1913.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">SEJARAH</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "></p></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Peninggalan fosil-fosil Homo erectus, yang oleh antropolog juga dijuluki "Manusia Jawa", menimbulkan dugaaan bahwa kepulauan Indonesia telah mulai berpenghuni pada antara dua juta sampai 500.000 tahun yang lalu. Bangsa Austronesia, yang membentuk mayoritas penduduk pada saat ini, bermigrasi ke Asia Tenggara dari Taiwan. Mereka tiba di sekitar 2000 SM, dan menyebabkan bangsa Melanesia yang telah ada lebih dahulu di sana terdesak ke wilayah-wilayah yang jauh di timur kepulauan. Kondisi tempat yang ideal bagi pertanian, dan penguasaan atas cara bercocok tanam padi setidaknya sejak abad ke-8 SM, menyebabkan banyak perkampungan, kota, dan kerajaan-kerajaan kecil tumbuh berkembang dengan baik pada abad pertama masehi. Selain itu, Indonesia yang terletak di jalur perdagangan laut internasional dan antar pulau, telah menjadi jalur pelayaran antara India dan China selama beberapa abad. Sejarah Indonesia selanjutnya mengalami banyak sekali pengaruh dari kegiatan perdagangan tersebut. Di bawah pengaruh agama Hindu dan Buddha, beberapa kerajaan terbentuk di pulau Sumatra dan Jawasejak abad ke-7 hingga abad ke-14. Sriwijaya muncul di abad ke-7 sebagai kerajaan maritim yang perkasa dengan kekuasaannya mengontrol perdagangan di Selat Malaka dan sekitarnya. Antara abad ke-8 dan ke-10, wangsa-wangsa Syailendra dan Sanjaya berhasil mengembangkan kerajaan-kerajaan berbasis agrikultur di Jawa, dengan peninggalan bersejarahnya seperti candi Borobudur dan candi Prambanan. Di akhir abad ke-13, Majapahit berdiri di bagian timur pulau Jawa. Di bawah pimpinan mahapatih Gajah Mada, kekuasaannya meluas sampai hampir meliputi wilayah Indonesia kini; dan sering disebut "Zaman Keemasan" dalam sejarah Indonesia. Kedatangan pedagang-pedagang Arab dan Persia melalui Gujarat, India, kemudian membawa agama Islam. Selain itu pelaut-pelaut Tiongkokyang dipimpin oleh Laksamana Cheng Ho (Zheng He) yang beragama Islam, juga pernah menyinggahi wilayah ini pada awal abad ke-15. Ketika orang-orang Eropa datang pada awal abad ke-16, mereka menemukan beberapa kerajaan kecil yang dengan mudah dapat mereka kuasai demi mendominasi perdagangan rempah-rempah. Portugis pertama kali mendarat di dua pelabuhan Kerajaan Sunda yaitu Banten danSunda Kelapa, tapi dapat diusir dan bergerak ke arah timur dan menguasai Maluku. Pada abad ke-17, Belanda muncul sebagai yang terkuat di antara negara-negara Eropa lainnya, mengalahkan Britania Raya dan Portugal (kecuali untuk koloni mereka, Timor Portugis). Pada masa itulah agama Kristen masuk ke Indonesia sebagai salah satu misi imperialisme lama yang dikenal sebagai 3G, yaitu Gold, Glory, and Gospel. Belanda menguasai Indonesia sebagai koloni hingga Perang Dunia II, awalnya melalui VOC, dan kemudian langsung oleh pemerintah Belanda sejak awal abad ke-19. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Raden_Sarief_Bastaman_Saleh_-_Johannes_Graaf_van_den_Bosch.jpg" class="image" title="Johannes van den Bosch, pencetus Cultuurstelsel" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); text-decoration: underline; background-position: initial initial; "><span><span></span></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border- line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; text-align: left; font-size:94%;color:initial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Raden_Sarief_Bastaman_Saleh_-_Johannes_Graaf_van_den_Bosch.jpg" class="image" title="Johannes van den Bosch, pencetus Cultuurstelsel" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Raden_Sarief_Bastaman_Saleh_-_Johannes_Graaf_van_den_Bosch.jpg/120px-Raden_Sarief_Bastaman_Saleh_-_Johannes_Graaf_van_den_Bosch.jpg" width="120" height="143" border="0" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span><span>Johannes van den Bosch, pencetus Cultuurstelsel</span></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><i></i></span></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Di bawah sistem Cultuurstelsel (Sistem Penanaman) pada abad ke-19, perkebunan besar dan penanaman paksa dilaksanakan di Jawa, akhirnya menghasilkan keuntungan bagi Belanda yang tidak dapat dihasilkan VOC. Pada masa pemerintahan kolonial yang lebih bebas setelah 1870, sistem ini dihapus. Setelah 1901 pihak Belanda memperkenalkan Kebijakan Beretika, yang termasuk reformasi politik yang terbatas dan investasi yang lebih besar di Hindia-Belanda.Pada masa Perang Dunia II, sewaktu Belanda dijajah oleh Jerman, Jepang menguasai Indonesia. Setelah mendapatkan Indonesia pada tahun 1942, Jepang melihat bahwa para pejuang Indonesia merupakan rekan perdagangan yang kooperatif dan bersedia mengerahkan prajurit bila diperlukan. Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, dan Ki Hajar Dewantara diberikan penghargaan oleh Kaisar Jepang pada tahun 1943.Pada Maret 1945 Jepang membentuk sebuah komite untuk kemerdekaan Indonesia; setelah perang Pasifik berakhir pada tahun 1945, di bawah tekanan organisasi pemuda, kelompok pimpinan Soekarno memproklamasikan kemerdekaan Indonesia pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Dalam usaha untuk menguasai kembali Indonesia, Belanda mengirimkan pasukan mereka.Usaha-usaha berdarah untuk meredam pergerakan kemerdekaan ini kemudian dikenal sebagai 'aksi polisi' (Politionele Actie). Belanda akhirnya menerima hak Indonesia untuk merdeka pada 27 Desember 1949 setelah mendapat tekanan yang kuat dari kalangan internasional, terutamanya Amerika Serikat. Soekarno menjadi presiden pertama Indonesia dengan Mohammad Hatta sebagai wakil presiden.Pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, pemerintahan Soekarno mulai mengikuti gerakan non-blok pada awalnya dan kemudian dengan blok sosialis, misalnya Republik Rakyat Cina dan Yugoslavia. Tahun 1960-an menjadi saksi terjadinya konfrontasi militer terhadap negara tetangga,Malaysia ("Konfrontasi"), dan ketidakpuasan terhadap kesulitan ekonomi yang semakin besar. Selanjutnya pada tahun 1965 meletus kejadian G30S yang menyebabkan kematian 6 orang jenderal dan sejumlah perwira menengah lainnya. Muncul kekuatan baru yang menyebut dirinya Orde Baru yang segera menuduh Partai Komunis Indonesia sebagai otak di belakang kejadian ini dan bermaksud menggulingkan pemerintahan yang sah serta mengganti ideologi nasional berdasarkan paham sosialis-komunis. Tuduhan ini sekaligus dijadikan alasan untuk menggantikan pemerintahan lama di bawah Presiden Soekarno.Sukarno, presiden pertama IndonesiaJenderal Soeharto menjadi presiden pada tahun 1967 dengan alasan untuk mengamankan negara dari ancamankomunisme. Sementara itu kondisi fisik Soekarno kini sendiri makin melemah. <br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Soekarno.jpg" class="image" title="Sukarno, presiden pertama Indonesia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Soekarno.jpg/120px-Soekarno.jpg" width="120" height="178" border="0" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a></span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; "><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a><span><span><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sukarno, presiden pertama Indonesia</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Setelah Soeharto berkuasa, ratusan ribu warga Indonesia yang dicurigai terlibat pihak komunis dibunuh, sementara masih banyak lagi warga Indonesia yang sedang berada di luar negeri, tidak berani kembali ke tanah air, dan akhirnya dicabut kewarganegaraannya. 32 tahun masa kekuasaan Soeharto dinamakan Orde Baru, sementara masa pemerintahan Soekarno disebut Orde Lama. Soeharto menerapkan ekonomi neoliberal dan berhasil mendatangkan investasi luar negeri yang besar untuk masuk ke Indonesia dan menghasilkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang besar, meski tidak merata, di Indonesia. Pada awalrezim Orde Baru kebijakan ekomomi Indonesia disusun oleh sekelompok ekonom-ekonom lulusan departemen ekonomi Universitas California, Berkeley, yang dipanggil "Mafia Berkeley". Namun, Soeharto menambah kekayaannya dan keluarganya melalui praktik korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme yang meluas dan dia akhirnya dipaksa turun dari jabatannya setelah aksi demonstrasi besar-besaran dan kondisi ekonomi negara yang memburuk pada tahun 1998.Dari 1998 hingga 2001, Indonesia mempunyai tiga presiden: Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid dan Megawati Sukarnoputri. Pada tahun 2004 pemilu satu hari terbesar di dunia diadakan dan dimenangkan oleh Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.Indonesia kini sedang mengalami masalah-masalah ekonomi, politik dan pertikaian bernuansa agama di dalam negeri, dan beberapa daerah sedang berusaha untuk mendapatkan kemerdekaan, yaitu Aceh dan Papua. Timor Timur akhirnya resmi memisahkan diri pada tahun 2002setelah 24 tahun bersatu dengan Indonesia dan 3 tahun di bawah administrasi PBB menjadi negara Timor Leste.Pada Desember 2004 dan Maret 2005, Aceh dan Nias dilanda dua gempa bumi besar yang totalnya menewaskan ratusan ribu jiwa. (LihatGempa bumi Samudra Hindia 2004 dan Gempa bumi Sumatra Maret 2005.) Kejadian ini disusul oleh gempa bumi di Yogyakarta dan tsunamiyang menghantam pantai Pangandaran dan sekitarnya, serta banjir lumpur di Sidoarjo pada 2006 yang tidak kunjung terpecahkan.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">POLITIK DAN PEMERINTAHAN</span></span></span></span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "></p><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Indonesia menjalankan pemerintahan republik presidensial multipartai yang demokratis. Seperti juga di negara-negara demokrasi lainnya, sistem politik di Indonesia didasarkan pada Trias Politika yaitu kekuasaan legislatif, eksekutif dan yudikatif. Kekuasaan legislatif dipegang oleh sebuah lembaga bernama Majelis Permusyawatan Rakyat (MPR) yang terdiri dari dua badan yaitu DPR yang anggota-anggotanya terdiri dari wakil-wakil Partai Politik dan DPD yang anggota-anggotanya mewakili provinsi yang ada di Indonesia. Setiap daerah diwakili oleh 4 orang yang dipilih langsung oleh rakyat di daerahnya masing-masing.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; font-family:Georgia;"><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Gedung_MPR-DPR.PNG" class="image" title="Gedung MPR-DPR." style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/5/5f/Gedung_MPR-DPR.PNG/200px-Gedung_MPR-DPR.PNG" width="200" height="172" border="0" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></span></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Gedung MPR-DPR.</span></span></span></span></div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) adalah lembaga tertinggi negara. Namun setelah amandemen ke-4 MPR bukanlah lembaga tertinggi lagi. Keanggotaan MPR berubah setelah Amandeman UUD 1945 pada periode 1999-2004. Seluruh anggota MPR adalah anggota DPR, ditambah dengan anggota DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah).[24] Anggota DPR dan DPD dipilih melalui pemilu dan dilantik dalam masa jabatan lima tahun. Sejak 2004, MPR adalah sebuah parlemenbikameral, setelah terciptanya DPD sebagai kamar kedua. Sebelumnya, anggota MPR adalah seluruh anggota DPR ditambah utusan golongan. MPR saat ini diketuai oleh Hidayat Nur Wahid. Anggota MPR saat terdiri dari 550 anggota DPR dan 128 anggota DPD. DPR saat ini diketuai oleh Agung Laksono, sedangkan DPD saat ini diketuai oleh Ginandjar Kartasasmita.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 15px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Istana_Negara.JPG" class="image" title="Istana Negara, bagian dari Istana Kepresidenan Jakarta." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/9/98/Istana_Negara.JPG/200px-Istana_Negara.JPG" width="200" height="139" border="0" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></span></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Istana Negara</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, bagian dari Istana Kepresidenan Jakarta.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 15px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Lembaga eksekutif berpusat pada presiden, wakil presiden, dan kabinet. Kabinet di Indonesia adalah Kabinet Presidensiil sehingga para menteri bertanggung jawab kepada presiden dan tidak mewakili partai politik yang ada di parlemen. Meskipun demikian, Presiden saat ini yakni Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono yang diusung oleh Partai Demokrat juga menunjuk sejumlah pemimpin Partai Politik untuk duduk di kabinetnya. Tujuannya untuk menjaga stabilitas pemerintahan mengingat kuatnya posisi lembaga legislatif di Indonesia. Namun pos-pos penting dan strategis umumnya diisi oleh Menteri tanpa portofolio partai (berasal dari seseorang yang dianggap ahli dalam bidangnya).Lembaga Yudikatif sejak masa reformasi dan adanya amandemen UUD 1945 dijalankan oleh Mahkamah Agung, Komisi Yudisial, danMahkamah Konstitusi, termasuk pengaturan administrasi para hakim. Meskipun demikian keberadaan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusiatetap dipertahankan.</span></span></span><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "></p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">PEMBAGIAN ADMINISTRATIF</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "></p><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Indonesia saat ini terdiri dalam 33 provinsi, lima di antaranya daerah istimewa. Tiap provinsi memiliki badan legislatur dan gubernur. Provinsi dibagi menjadi kabupaten dan kota, yang dibagi lagi menjadi kecamatan dan lagi menjadi kelurahan dan desa.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, DKI Jakarta, D.I. Yogyakarta, Papua, dan Papua Barat memiliki hak istimewa legislatur yang lebih besar dan tingkat otonomi yang lebih tinggi dari pemerintahan pusat daripada provinsi lainnya. Contohnya, pemerintahan Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam memiliki hak untuk membentuk sistem legal sendiri; pada tahun 2003, Aceh mula menetapkan hukum Syariah.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Yogyakarta mendapatkan status Daerah Khusus sebagai pengakuan terhadap peran penting Yogyakarta dalam mendukung Indonesia selama Revolusi Indonesia.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Provinsi Papua, sebelumnya disebut Irian Jaya, mendapat status otonomi khusus tahun 2001. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Jakarta adalah daerah khusus ibukota negara.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Timor Portugis digabungkan ke dalam wilayah Indonesia dan menjadi provinsi Timor Timur pada 1979–1999, yang kemudian memisahkan diri melalui referendum menjadi Negara Timor Leste.</span></span></span><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "></p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Provinsi di Indonesia dan ibukotanya</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></span></b></p><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">S</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">umatra</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam - Banda Aceh</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sumatra Utara - Medan.</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sumatra Barat - Padang</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Riau - Pekanbaru</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Kepulauan Riau - Tanjung Pinang</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Jambi - Jambi</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sumatra Selatan - Palembang</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Kepulauan Bangka Belitung - Pangkal Pinang</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Bengkulu - Bengkulu</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Lampung - Bandar Lampung</span></span></li></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Jawa</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta - Jakarta</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Banten - Serang</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Jawa Barat - Bandung</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Jawa Tengah - Semarang</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta - Yogyakarta</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Jawa Timur - Surabaya</span></span></li></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Kepulauan Sunda Kecil</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Bali - Denpasar</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Nusa Tenggara Barat - Mataram</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Nusa Tenggara Timur - Kupang</span></span></li></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Kalimantan</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Kalimantan Barat - Pontianak</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Kalimantan Tengah - Palangkaraya</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Kalimantan Selatan - Banjarmasin</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Kalimantan Timur - Samarinda</span></span></li></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sulawesi</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sulawesi Utara - Manado</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Gorontalo - Gorontalo</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sulawesi Tengah - Palu</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sulawesi Barat - Mamuju</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sulawesi Selatan - Makassar</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sulawesi Tenggara - Kendari</span></span></li></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Maluku</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Maluku - Ambon</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Maluku Utara - Ternate</span></span></li></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Papua</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Papua Barat - Manokwari</span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Papua - Jayapura</span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">GEOGRAFI</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Indonesia memiliki 17.504 pulau besar dan kecil, sekitar 6000 di antaranya tidak berpenghuni[29], yang menyebar disekitar khatulistiwa, yang memberikan cuaca tropis. Posisi Indonesia terletak pada koordinat 6°LU - 11°08'LS dan dari 95°'BB - 141°45'BT serta terletak di antara dua benua yaitu benua Asia dan benua Australia/Oseania.</span></span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Wilayah Indonesia terbentang sepanjang 3.977 mil di antara Samudra Hindiadan Samudra Pasifik. Luas daratan Indonesia adalah 1.922.570 km² dan luas perairannya 3.257.483 km². Pulau terpadat penduduknya adalah pulau Jawa, di mana setengah populasi Indonesia hidup. Indonesia terdiri dari 5 pulau besar, yaitu: Jawa dengan luas 132.107 km², Sumatera dengan luas 473.606 km²,Kalimantan dengan luas 539.460 km², Sulawesi dengan luas 189.216 km², danPapua dengan luas 421.981 km². Batas wilayah Indonesia searah penjuru mata angin, yaitu :</span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; "><table class="prettytable" cellpadding="2" style="text-align: left;font-size: 100%; color: black; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; "><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="#F2F2F2" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utara" title="Utara" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Utara</a></b></td><td style="text-align: left;border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><span><span>Negara Malaysia, Singapura, Filipina, dan Laut Cina Selatan</span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Cina_Selatan" title="Laut Cina Selatan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#F2F2F2" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selatan" title="Selatan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Selatan</a></b></td><td style="text-align: left;border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">Negara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a><span><span>Australia, Timor Leste, dan Samudra Indonesia</span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Indonesia" title="Samudra Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#F2F2F2" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barat" title="Barat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Barat</a></b></td><td style="text-align: left;border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Indonesia" title="Samudra Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Samudra Indonesia</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#F2F2F2" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur" title="Timur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Timur</a></b></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><div style="text-align: left;">N<span><span>egara Papua Nugini, Timor Leste, dan Samudra Pasifik</span></span><br /></div><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="prettytable" cellpadding="2" style="text-align: left; color: black; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; "><tbody></tbody></table><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Lokasi Indonesia juga terletak di lempeng tektonik, yang berarti Indonesia rawan terkena gempa bumi dan dapat menimbulkan tsunami. Indonesia juga banyak memiliki gunung berapi, salah satu yang sangat terkenal adalah gunung Krakatau, terletak di selat Sunda antara pulau Sumatra dan Jawa</span><br /></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span>.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">EKONOMI</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">Sistem ekonomi Indonesia awalnya didukung dengan diluncurkannya Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI) yang menjadi mata uang pertama Republik Indonesia, yang selanjutnya berganti menjadi Rupiah.Pada masa pemerintahan Orde Lama, Indonesia tidak seutuhnya mengadaptasi sistem ekonomi kapitalis, namun juga memadukannya dengan nasionalisme ekonomi. Pemerintah yang belum berpengalaman, masih ikut campur tangan ke dalam beberapa kegiatan produksi yang berpengaruh bagi masyarakat banyak. Hal tersebut, ditambah pula kemelut politik, mengakibatkan terjadinya ketidakstabilan pada ekonomi negara.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">Pemerintahaan Orde Baru segera menerapkan disiplin ekonomi yang bertujuan menekan inflasi, menstabilkan mata uang, penjadualan ulang hutang luar negeri, dan berusaha menarik bantuan dan investasi asing. Pada era tahun 1970-an harga minyak bumi yang meningkat menyebabkan melonjaknya nilai ekspor, dan memicu tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi rata-rata yang tinggi sebesar 7% antara tahun 1968 sampai 1981. Reformasi ekonomi lebih lanjut menjelang akhir tahun 1980-an, antara lain berupa deregulasi sektor keuangan dan pelemahan nilai rupiah yang terkendali,[32]selanjutnya mengalirkan investasi asing ke Indonesia khususnya pada industri-industri berorientasi ekspor pada antara tahun 1989 sampai 1997. Ekonomi Indonesia mengalami kemunduran pada akhir tahun 1990-an akibat krisis ekonomi yang melanda sebagian besar Asia pada saat itu,[34] yang disertai pula berakhirnya masa Orde Baru dengan pengunduran diri Presiden Soeharto tanggal 21 Mei 1998.Saat ini ekonomi Indonesia telah cukup stabil. Pertumbuhan PDB Indonesia tahun 2004 dan 2005 melebihi 5% dan diperkirakan akan terus berlanjut.[35] Namun demikian, dampak pertumbuhan itu belum cukup besar dalam mempengaruhi tingkat pengangguran, yaitu sebesar 9,75%.[36][37] Perkiraan tahun 2006, sebanyak 17,8% masyarakat hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan, dan terdapat 49,0% masyarakat yang hidup dengan penghasilan kurang dari AS$2 per hari. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">Indonesia mempunyai sumber daya alam yang besar di luar Jawa, termasuk minyak mentah, gas alam, timah, tembaga, dan emas. Indonesia pengekspor gas alam terbesar kedua di dunia, meski akhir-akhir ini ia telah mulai menjadi pengimpor bersih minyak mentah. Hasil pertanian yang utama termasuk beras, teh, kopi, rempah-rempah, dan karet.[39] Sektor jasa adalah penyumbang terbesar PDB, yang mencapai 45,3% untuk PDB 2005. Sedangkan sektor industri menyumbang 40,7%, dan sektor pertanian menyumbang 14,0%.[40] Meskipun demikian, sektor pertanian mempekerjakan lebih banyak orang daripada sektor-sektor lainnya, yaitu 44,3% dari 95 juta orang tenaga kerja. Sektor jasa mempekerjakan 36,9%, dan sisanya sektor industri sebesar 18,8%.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">Rekan perdagangan terbesar Indonesia adalah Jepang, Amerika Serikat, dan negara-negara jirannya yaitu Malaysia, Singapura dan Australia.Meski kaya akan sumber daya alam dan manusia, Indonesia masih menghadapi masalah besar dalam bidang kemiskinan yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh korupsi yang merajalela dalam pemerintahan. Lembaga Transparency International menempatkan Indonesia sebagai peringkat ke-143 dari 180 negara dalam Indeks Persepsi Korupsi, yang dikeluarkannya pada tahun 2007.[42]Bank sentral Indonesia yaitu Bank Indonesia.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; ">DEMOGRAFI</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; font-style: italic;"></span></div></span></span></div></div><span><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "></p><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">Menurut sensus penduduk 2000, Indonesia memiliki populasi sekitar 206 juta,[49] dan diperkirakan pada tahun 2006 berpenduduk 222 juta. 130 juta (lebih dari 50%) tinggal di Pulau Jawa yang merupakan pulau berpenduduk terbanyak sekaligus pulau dimana ibukota Jakartaberada. Sebagian besar (95%) penduduk Indonesia adalah bangsa Melayu, dan terdapat juga kelompok-kelompok suku Melanesia, Polinesia, dan Mikronesia terutama di Indonesia bagian Timur. Banyak penduduk Indonesia yang menyatakan dirinya sebagai bagian dari kelompok suku yang lebih spesifik, yang dibagi menurut bahasa dan asal daerah, misalnya Jawa, Sunda atau Batak.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">Selain itu juga ada penduduk pendatang yang jumlahnya minoritas diantaranya adalah etnis Tionghoa, India, dan Arab. Mereka sudah lama datang ke nusantara dengan jalur perdagangan sejak abad ke 8 SM dan menetap menjadi bagian dari Nusantara. Di Indonesia terdapat sekitar 4 juta populasi etnis Tionghoa. Angka ini berbeda-beda karena hanya pada tahun 1930-an terakhir kalinya pemerintah melakukan sensus dengan menggolong-golongkan masyarakat Indonesia ke dalam suku bangsa dan keturunannya.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">Islam adalah agama mayoritas yang dipeluk oleh sekitar 85,2% penduduk Indonesia, yang menjadikan Indonesia negara dengan penduduk muslim terbanyak di dunia. Sisanya beragama Protestan (8,9%), Katolik (3%), Hindu (1,8%), Buddha (0,8%), dan lain-lain (0,3%). Selain agama-agama tersebut, pemerintah Indonesia juga secara resmi mengakui Konghucu.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">Kebanyakan penduduk Indonesia bertutur dalam bahasa daerah sebagai bahasa ibu, namun bahasa resmi Indonesia, bahasa Indonesia, diajarkan di seluruh sekolah-sekolah di negara ini dan dikuasai oleh hampir seluruh penduduk Indonesia.</span><br /></div></span><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "></p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;">BUDAYA</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Indonesia memiliki sekitar 300 kelompok etnis, tiap etnis memiliki budaya yang berkembang selama berabad-abad, dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan India, Arab, Cina, dan Eropa, termasuklah kebudayaan sendiri yaitu Melayu. Contohnya tarian Jawa dan Bali tradisional memiliki aspek budaya dan mitologi Hindu, seperti wayang kulit yang menampilkan kisah-kisah tentang kejadian mitologis Hindu Ramayanadan Baratayuda. Banyak juga seni tari yang berisikan nilai-nilai Islam. Beberapa di antaranya dapat ditemukan di daerah Sumatra seperti tari Ratéb Meuseukat dan tari Seudati dari Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.</span></span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Seni pantun, gurindam, dan sebagainya dari pelbagai daerah seperti pantun Melayu, dan pantun-pantun lainnya acapkali dipergunakan dalam acara-acara tertentu yaitu perhelatan, pentas seni, dan lain-lain.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Di bidang busana warisan budaya yang terkenal di seluruh dunia adalah kerajinan batik. Beberapa daerah yang terkenal akan industri batik meliputi Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Cirebon, Pandeglang, Garut, Tasikmalaya da juga Pekalongan. Kerajinan batik ini pun diklaim oleh Malaysia dengan industri batiknya. Busana asli Indonesia dari Sabang sampai Merauke lainnya dapat dikenali dari ciri-cirinya yang dikenakan di setiap daerah antara lain baju kurung dengan songketnya dari Sumatra Barat(Minangkabau), kain ulos dari Sumatra Utara (Batak), busana kebaya, busana khas Dayak diKalimantan, baju bodo dari Sulawesi Selatan, busana berkoteka dari Papua dan sebagainya.<br /></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Pengaruh yang paling dominan dalam arsitektur Indonesia adalah arsitektur India; namun terdapat pula pengaruh dari arsitektur Tiongkok, Arab, dan Eropa.</span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Olahraga yang paling populer di Indonesia adalah badminton dan sepak bola; Liga Super Indonesiaadalah liga klub sepak bola utama di Indonesia. Olahraga tradisional termasuk sepak takraw dankarapan sapi di Madura. Di wilayah dengan sejarah perang antar suku, kontes pertarungan diadakan, seperti caci di Flores, dan pasola di Sumba. Pencak silat adalah seni bela diri yang unik yang berasal dari wilayah Indonesia. Seni bela diri ini kadang-kadang ditampilkan pada acara-acara pertunjukkan yang biasanya diikuti dengan musik tradisional Indonesia berupa gamelan dan seni musik tradisional lainnya sesuai dengan daerah asalnya. Olahraga di Indonesia biasanya berorientasi pada pria dan olahraga spektator sering berhubungan dengan judi yang ilegal di Indonesia.[54] Seni musik di Indonesia, baik tradisional maupun modern sangat banyak terbentang dari Sabang hingga Merauke.</span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Setiap provinsi di Indonesia memiliki musik tradisional dengan ciri khasnya tersendiri. Musik tradisional termasuk juga keroncong yang berasal dari keturunan Portugis di daerah Tugu, Jakarta, yang dikenal oleh semua rakyat Indonesia bahkan hingga ke mancanegara. Ada juga musik yang merakyat di Indonesia yang dikenal dengan namadangdut yang dipengaruhi oleh musik Arab, India, dan Melayu.</span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; "></span></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Alat musik tradisional yang merupakan alat musik khas Indonesia memiliki banyak ragam dari pelbagai daerah di Indonesia, namun banyak pula dari alat musik tradisional Indonesia 'dicuri' oleh negara lain[56] untuk kepentingan penambahan budaya dan seni musiknya sendiri dengan mematenkan hak cipta seni budaya dari Indonesia. Alat musik tradisional Indonesia antara lain meliputi :</span><br /></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">AngklungBende</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Calung</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Dermenan</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Gamelan</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Gandang Tabuik</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Gendang Bali</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Gendang Karo</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Gendang Melayu</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Gong Kemada</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Gong Lambus</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Jidor</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Kecapi Suling</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Kendang Jawa</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Kenong</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Kulintang</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Rebab</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Rebana</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Saluang</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Saron</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Sasando</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Serunai</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Seurune Kale</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Suling Lembang</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Suling Sunda</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Talempong</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Tanggetong</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; ">Tifa, dan sebagainya</span><br /></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Indonesia" title="Masakan Indonesia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Masakan Indonesia bervariasi bergantung pada wilayahnya. Nasi adalah makanan pokok dan dihidangkan dengan lauk daging dan sayur. Bumbu (terutama cabai), santan, ikan dan ayam adalah bahan yang penting. Popularitas industri film Indonesia memuncak pada tahun 1980-an dan mendominasi bioskop di Indonesia, meskipun kepopulerannya berkurang pada awal tahun 1990-an. Antara tahun 2000 hingga 2005, jumlah film Indonesia yang dirilis setiap tahun meningkat.</span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Bukti tulisan tertua di Indonesia adalah berbagai prasasti berbahasa Sanskerta pada abad ke-5 Masehi. Figur penting dalam sastra modern Indonesia termasuk: pengarang Belanda Multatuli yang mengkritik perlakuan Belanda terhadap Indonesia selama zaman penjajahan Belanda; Muhammad Yamin dan Hamka yang merupakan penulis dan politikus pra-kemerdekaan;[61] dan Pramoedya Ananta Toer, pembuat novel Indonesia yang paling terkenal. Banyak orang Indonesia memiliki tradisi lisan yang kuat, yang membantu mendefinisikan dan memelihara identitas budaya mereka. Kebebasan pers di Indonesia meningkat setelah berakhirnya kekuasaan PresidenSoeharto. Stasiun televisi termasuk sepuluh stasiun televisi swasta nasional, dan jaringan daerah yang bersaing dengan stasiun televisi negeriTVRI. Stasiun radio swasta menyiarkan berita mereka dan program penyiaran asing. Dilaporkan terdapat 20 juta pengguna internet di Indonesia pada tahun 2007. Penggunaan internet terbatas pada minoritas populasi, diperkirakan sekitar 8.5%.</span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Ekologi di Indonesia</span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"></span></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Wilayah Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman mahluk hidup yang tinggi sehingga oleh beberapa pihak wilayah ekologi Indonesia disebut dengan istilah "Mega biodiversity" atau "keanekaragaman mahluk hidup yang tinggi" umumnya dikenal sebagai Indomalaya atau Malesiabedasarkan penelitian bahwa 10 persen tumbuhan, 12 persen mamalia, 16 persen reptil, 17 persen burung, 25 persen ikan yang ada di dunia hidup di Indonesia, padahal luas Indonesia hanya 1,3 % dari luas Bumi. Kalo dirangking, kekayaan mahluk hidup Indonesia ranking ke-3 setelah Brasil dan Zaire<br /></span></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; "></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;">From : Wikipedia</span></span></div></span></span></span></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:13px;"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><sup id="cite_ref-indoety_4-1" class="reference"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-indoety-4" title="" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></sup></p></span></span></div></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></p></span></div>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-62324934577547438032009-04-02T06:03:00.000-07:002009-04-02T08:27:57.532-07:00the Kingdom in Indonesia<center><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">KINGDOM IN INDONESIA</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;">KERAJAAN DI INDONESIA</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody></tbody><tbody><tr><td width="42"><div align="center"><p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:130%;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">NO</span></strong></span></p></div></td><td width="490"><div align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:130%;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">THE KINGDOM ( KERAJAAN )</span></strong></span></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">1.</div></td> <td><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;">Kutai Kingdom ( Hindu ) in East Kalimantan year 400 M.<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre-wrap; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;">The First King</span> : Kudungga.<br />Famous King : Mulawarman.</span><br /></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">----------------------------------------------------</span><br /></div></span>Kerajaan Kutai</strong> di Kalimantan timur tahun 400 M (Kerajaan Hindu).<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Kudungga.<br />Raja yang terkenal : Mulawarman.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">2.</div></td> <td><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;">Tarumanegara Kingdom <span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap; ">( Hindu )<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;"> in West Java year 500 M.<br /></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;"> Famous King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Purnawarman</span> <div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">----------------------------------------------------</span><br /></div></span>Kerajaan Tarumanegara</strong> di Jawa Barat tahun 500 M (Kerajaan Hindu).<br /><br />Raja yang terkenal : Purnawarman</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">3.</div></td> <td><strong>Kalingga <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;">Kingdom (Budha) in Jepara (Centarl Java)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;">year 500 M.<br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap; "> Famous King : S<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; ">hima Queen</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">----------------------------------------------------</span><br /></div></span>Kerajaan Kalingga</strong> di Jepara (Jawa Tengah) tahun 640 M (Kerajaan Budha).<br /><br />Raja yang terkenal : Ratu Shima.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">4.</div></td> <td><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap; ">Mataram Kingdom in central Java year 732 M (Hindu Kingdom). The first King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Sanjaya</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.<br /></span>Famous King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Balitung</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">----------------------------------------------------</span></div></span>Kerajaan Mataram Hindu</strong> di Jawa Tengah tahun 732<br />M (Kerajaan Hindu)<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Sanjaya<br />Raja yang terkenal : Balitung</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">5.</div></td> <td><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap; ">Sriwijaya Kingdom (Budha) in Palembang <span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; ">in the 7 th century.<br /></span> The first King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Sri Jaya Naga</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.<br /></span>Famous King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Bala Putra Dewa</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">----------------------------------------------------</span></div></span>Kerajaan Sriwijaya</strong> di Palembang abad VII (Kerajaan Budha).<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Sri Jaya Naga<br />Raja yang terkenal : Bala Putra Dewa</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">6.</div></td> <td><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap; ">Medang Kingdom (Hindu) at East Java <span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; ">in the 9 th century.<br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;"><br /></span>Famous King : Empu Sendok<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">----------------------------------------------------</span></div></span>Kerajaan Medang</strong> di Jawa Timur abad IX (Kerajaan Hindu).<br /><br />Raja yang terkenal : Empu Sendok:</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">7.</div></td> <td><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap; ">Kahuripan Kingdom (Hindu) at East Java year 1073<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; ">.<br /></span> The first King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Airlangga</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.<br /></span>Famous King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Airlangga</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">----------------------------------------------------</span></div></span>Kerajaan Kahuripan</strong> di Jawa Timur tahun 1073 M (Kerajaan Hindu).<br /><br />Raja yang pertama dan terkenal : Airlangga</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">8.</div></td> <td><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap; ">Kediri Kingdom (Hindu) at Berantas Riverside East Java <span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; ">in the 12 th century.<br /></span> The first King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Jaya Warsa</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.<br /></span>Famous King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Jaya Baya</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">----------------------------------------------------</span></div></span>Kerajaan Kediri</strong> di tepi Sungai Berantas Jawa Timur abad XII M (Kerajaan Hindu).<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Jaya Warsa<br />Raja yang terkenal : Jaya Baya</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">9.</div></td> <td><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:-webkit-monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap; ">Singasari Kingdom in East Java in the year 1222 - 1292.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal;"><br /></span> The first King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Sri Rajasa (Ken Arok)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.<br /></span>Famous King : <span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">Kertanegara (Joko Dolok)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">.</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Georgia;">----------------------------------------------------</span></div></span>Kerajaan Singasari</strong> di Jawa Timur tahun 1222 - 1292.<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Sri Rajasa (Ken Arok).<br />Raja yang terkenal : Kertanegara (Joko Dolok).</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">10.</div></td> <td><strong>Kerajaan Majapahit</strong> di Delta Brantas tahun 1293 - 1520 (Kerajaan Hindu).<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Raden Wijaya.<br />Raja yang terkenal : Hayam Wuruk.<br />Raja yang terakhir : Brawijaya (Kertabumi).<br />Patih yang terkenal : Gajah Mada.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">11.</div></td> <td><strong>Kerajaan Pajajaran</strong> di Priangan (Jawa Barat) tahun 1333 (Kerajaan Hindu).<br /><br />Raja yang terkenal : Sri Baduga Maharaja<br />Raja yang terakhir : Prabu Sedah</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">12.</div></td> <td><strong>Kerajaan Demak</strong> di Jawa Tengah tahun 1513 - 1546 (Kerajaan Islam).<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Raden Patah (Sultan Bintoro).<br />Raja yang terakhir : Sultan Trenggono.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">13.</div></td> <td><strong>Kerajaan Pajang</strong> di Surakarta tahun 1568 - 1586 (Kerajaan Islam).<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Joko Tingkir (Sultan Hadiwijoyo).<br />Raja yang terakhir : Ario Pangiri.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">14.</div></td> <td><strong>Kerajaan Mataram</strong> Islam di Kota Gede (Yogyakarta) abad XVI Masehi (Kerajaan Islam).<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Suto Wijoyo (Panemabahan Senopati).<br />Raja yang terkenal : Sultan Agung.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><div align="center">15.</div></td> <td><strong>Kerajaan Banten</strong> di Jawa Barat tahun 1556 - 1580 (Kerajaan Islam).<br /><br />Raja yang pertama : Hasanuddin.<br />Raja yang terkenal : Sultan Ageng.<br />Raja yang terakhir : Panembahan Yusuf.</td> </tr> </tbody><tbody> </tbody></table></center>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-90275918995094149552009-03-30T09:24:00.000-07:002009-03-30T10:09:50.590-07:00Indonesia About Year 1601 - 1700<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1601</span><br /><br />Senopati succeeded by Krapyak in Mataram.<br /><br />Portuguese send a fleet from Goa, India, to drive the Dutch from the Indies.<br /><br />English set up fort at Banda.<br /><br />Aceh sends two ambassadors to Europe to observe and report on the situation to the Sultan.<br /><br />December 25-27 Five Dutch ships defeat the Portuguese fleet of 30 ships in battle in Banten harbor.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1602</span><br /><br />March 20 Dutch companies combine to form Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC); led by Heeren XVII representing different regions of the Netherlands; States-General gives VOC power to raise armies, build forts, negotiate treaties and wage war in Asia.<br /><br />VOC begins sending large, well-armed ships to the Indies (38 in the first three years).<br /><br />VOC establishes post at Gresik.<br /><br />Sir James Lancaster leads an (English) East India Company expedition, reaches Aceh, and builds a trading post at Banten.<br /><br />The Dutch East India Company was given most of the powers of a sovereign state, partly because communication between the Netherlands and Asia was so slow that colonial activities simply could not be directed from Amsterdam.<br /><br />(Until 1800 in this time-line, Dutch activities are marked with a VOC for East India Company.)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1603</span><br /><br />Official VOC trading post founded at Banten.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1604</span><br /><br />English East India Company expedition under Sir Henry Middleton visits Ternate, Tidore, Ambon, and Banda.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1605</span><br /><br />Portuguese at Ambon surrender to ships under VOC.<br /><br />King of Gowa converts to Islam, but other kings of the area refuse invitation to convert. Gowa attacks its neighbors and converts them to Islam.<br /><br />VOC sends expeditions to Banda, Irian Jaya, northern Australia.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The chief minister to the King of Gowa in these days was named Matoaya. Besides presiding over the conversion of Gowa and Makassar to Islam, he encouraged the establishment of Makassar as a free port opposed to Portuguese or Dutch control, and started a local industry to manufacture firearms, to maintain Gowa's strength against outside forces.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1606</span><br /><br />Spanish take Ternate and Tidore.<br /><br />VOC makes unsuccessful attack on Portuguese Melaka.<br /><br />VOC begins trading at Banjarmasin.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1607</span><br /><br />Iskandar Muda is Sultan of Aceh.<br /><br />May Sultan of Ternate appeals to the VOC for help against the Spanish.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Aceh under Iskandar Muda and his successor, Iskandar Thani, was a center of Islamic scholarship and debate.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1608</span><br /><br />Gowa begins three years of war against the neighboring Kingdom of Bone.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1609</span><br /><br />Portuguese fortress on Bacan falls to VOC.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1610</span><br /><br />Krapyak of Mataram starts period of heavy attacks on Surabaya.<br /><br />Post of Governor-General is created for VOC in Asia, advised by Raad van Indie (Council of the Indies).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1611</span><br /><br />English begin setting up many posts in the Indies, including at Makassar, Jepara, Aceh and Jambi.<br /><br />Dutch set up post at Jayakerta.<br /><br />Gowa conquers Bone, converts it to Islam.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1613</span><br /><br />April 18 Dutch take Solor from Portuguese. Portuguese Dominicans move headquarters to Larantuka, Flores.<br /><br />Iskandar Muda of Aceh defeats Johore, burns down the city, carries away the Sultan of Johore and VOC representatives.<br /><br />Mataram forces burn down Gresik; Krapyak asks VOC in Maluku for help against Surabaya.<br /><br />VOC sets up post at Jepara.<br /><br />VOC sets up first post on Timor.<br /><br />Krapyak succeeded by Sultan Agung.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1614</span><br /><br />Johore throws out Aceh forces, creates alliance Palembang, Jambi, and other Sultanates against Aceh<br /><br />Aceh wins naval battle against Portuguese at Bintan, continues on to attack Melaka.<br /><br />Agung attacks Surabayan territories.<br /><br />VOC sends ambassador to Agung.<br /><br />Bandung founded.<br /><br /><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/agung.jpg" alt="" width="114" align="middle" height="150" /></p><div style="text-align: center;"> <i><b>Sultan Agung</b> in a traditional portrait.</i><br /><i> Agung was the greatest ruler of Mataram. At one point, all of Java except for Banten and Batavia was under his rule.</i></div><p> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1615</span><br /><br />VOC closes post at Gowa, hostilities drag on for years.<br /><br />First Dutch Reformed church in the east founded at Ambon.<br /><br />English build warehouse at Jayakerta.<br /><br />Dutch abandon Solor after just two years.<br /><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/kristen.jpg" alt="" width="100" align="middle" border="0" height="146" /> </p><p style="text-align: center;"> <i><b>Protestantism (Kristen)</b>, one of Indonesia's five religions.</i> </p><p style="text-align: center;"> <i>The Dutch introduced the fifth of Indonesia's recognized religions: Protestant Christianity. Beside the missionary work on Java, there were soon many "orang Kristen" around Manado on Sulawesi, in Ambon, and around Kupang on Timor and nearby Roti.</i> </p><div style="text-align: center;"> <i> The VOC, being mostly a business, had very little interest in spreading religion. However, it banned to practice of Catholicism wherever it could.</i></div><p> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1616</span><br /><br />VOC military expedition against Banda.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1617</span><br /><br />Aceh takes Pahang.<br /><br />Agung defeats Surabaya at Pasuruan, defeats Surabayan expedition to his rear; Pajang rebels, Agung destroys Pajang and moves inhabitants to Mataram.<br /><br />Gowa extends control over Sumbawa.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"Monopolies" and "smuggling" in these days were sometimes defined by contracts and treaties, but at other times a "monopoly" was simply declared unilaterally. Some of the "smuggling" that occurred would just be called "competition" today.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">In 1615-1616, the Schouten expedition became the first to sail around Cape Horn at the the southern tip of South America, then made the first visit by Europeans to many south Pacific islands. By the time they arrived in Batavia (Jakarta), Coen had them jailed for violating the V.O.C.'s monopoly, and confiscated their ships.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">(Years later, in 1722, the Dutch explorer Roggeveen would run into the same trouble after discovering Easter Island.)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1618</span><br /><br />Jan Pieterzoon Coen becomes Governor-General of VOC.<br /><br />English merchants attack Chinese ships in Banten in a dispute over the price of pepper. Coen begins secretly fortifying the VOC warehouses at Jayakerta to the east.<br /><br />December Sultan of Banten encourages English to drive Dutch out of Jayakerta. Coen leaves for Maluku to muster ships and soldiers.<br /><br />Agung bans the sale of rice to the VOC. Agung's governor of Jepara attacks the VOC post there; Dutch burn down much of Jepara in retaliation.<br /><br />Dutch reoccupy Solor.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1619</span><br /><br />January English force Dutch surrender at Jayakerta, but Banten forces take over from the English in a surprise move. The English and the Pangeran of Jayakerta retreat.<br /><br />March 12 Dutch rename post at Jayakerta to Batavia (today's Jakarta).<br /><br />May Coen passes through Jepara, and burns down the city again, including the English trading post.<br /><br />May 28 Coen arrives at Jayakerta, and burns down the original town of Jayakerta, leaving only the Dutch post of Batavia remaining to become VOC headquarters.<br /><br />Agung takes Tuban from Surabaya, destroying the city.<br /><br />August VOC begins building city at Batavia.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Agung was not pleased with the Dutch taking Jayakerta, since he had intended to take it himself. Likewise, the Sultan of Banten did not want the English to take it, for the same reason.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1620</span><br /><br />VOC under Coen almost exterminates population of Banda to prevent "smuggling". Survivors settle on small islands near Seram.<br /><br />Aceh takes Kedah.<br /><br />Gowa extends influence over Sumbawa.<br /><br />Rahmatullah becomes Sultan of Banjar on Kalimantan.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/coen.jpg" alt="" width="121" align="middle" height="111" /><br /><i><b>Jan Pieterszoon Coen</b></i><br /><i> The most aggressive Governor-General of the V.O.C.</i> </div><p style="text-align: center;"> <i>One of Coen's goals was to make the VOC strong enough on its own that it did not have to depend on the goodwill of neighboring rulers. He intended to do this by changing the VOC from a trade empire to an empire that ruled actual territories, then settling those territories with colonists from the Netherlands. Military strength was important, both for maintaining a position of power among the local kings and sultans, and for keeping the Spanish, Portuguese and English away.</i> </p><div style="text-align: center;"> <i>For Coen, the VOC was more than a business, but for neighboring rulers, such as Sultan Agung, and even for government officials in China, the VOC were mere merchants, and they refused to give VOC officials the same standing in protocol that they gave the representatives of other kings or sultans.</i></div><p> </p><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1621</span><br /><br />British found trading post at Ambon.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1622</span><br /><br />Mataram navy defeats Sukadana (an ally of Surabaya in West Kalimantan), and destroy the city.<br /><br />Agung and VOC make overtures to each other.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1623</span><br /><br />VOC agents in Ambon arrest, torture and execute English agents on charges of conspiracy.<br /><br />Aceh sacks Johore.<br /><br />Carstenz expedition for VOC explores southern coast of Irian Jaya.<br /><br />Coen returns to the Netherlands. Carpentier is new Governor-General of the VOC.<br /><br />VOC takes nominal claim to Aru Islands.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1624</span><br /><br />Aceh takes Nias.<br /><br />Sultan Agung conquers Madura, and takes 40,000 prisoners. Raden Praseno, a grandson of Pratanu, is named Pangeran Cakraningrat I of Madura by Agung.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1625</span><br /><br />Agung dams Brantas River to cut off water supply from Surabaya, which finally surrenders.<br /><br />Cirebon is an ally of Agung.<br /><br />Epidemics and ruin of war spread through Java.<br /><br />Abul Fath becomes Sultan of Banten.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">In 1625 the first "hongi" raids took place in Maluku. These were attacks, usually by local allies of the VOC, against anyone who was growing cloves without authorization of the VOC.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">By this time, the VOC was probably the largest business enterprise anywhere in the world, with tens of thousands of employees. The territories controlled by the VOC were not only in Indonesia: in the mid-1600s, they also included Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and the Cape area in what is now South Africa. The VOC also had "factories", warehouses and offices in Thailand, Japan, Iran, Yemen, and Canton in China.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1627</span><br /><br />Coen returns from the Netherlands to serve as Governor-General of the V.O.C. again.<br /><br />December 25 Soldiers from Banten infiltrate the fortress of Batavia, kill some guards, and escape, but do little damage.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Around this time, Sultan Agung forced the removal of the entire population of many villages in the Priangan (around today's Bandung) for disobedience. Around 1200 men were sent back to Mataram from these villages, and executed.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1628</span><br /><br />Agung sends army against VOC in Batavia; dams Ciliwung River in attempt to deny fresh water to the VOC. He fails to oust the Dutch, who prevent his army from receiving supplies by sea. Commanders of the Mataram army are executed for failure.<br /><br />Last of the English leave Banda.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1629</span><br /><br />Agung attacks Batavia again. He is defeated, although Coen dies during the siege.<br /><br />Banten, fearing Agung now more than the VOC, pleads for peace with the VOC.<br /><br />Iskandar Muda sends navy of Aceh against Portuguese Melaka, but the Aceh navy is destroyed.<br /><br />September 20 Coen passes away.<br /><br />Introduction of sugar cultivation in Banten.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1630</span><br /><br />Dutch abandon Solor, which is retaken by the Portuguese.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1631</span><br /><br />Agung suppresses rebellion at Sumedang.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1633</span><br /><br />Agung raids east Java; the Hindu kingdom of Balambangan asks for VOC help and is refused. Balambangan then asks the King of Gelgel in Bali for help.<br /><br />War between VOC and Banten.<br /><br />Aceh takes the Indrapura area of Minangkabau.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1634</span><br /><br />Dutch arrest Kakiali, leader of Hitu in Maluku, on charges of smuggling.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">This was the "mercantilist" age of trade empires. There were many powers that wanted to create trade empires: the Dutch through the VOC, the English, Banten, and Gowa were among them. There was no such thing as "free trade" under these empires. The VOC especially wanted total control of trade, and any selling to anyone outside the VOC was considered "smuggling".</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1635</span><br /><br />Agung tries to take Balambangan, but is defeated by Balinese forces.<br /><br />VOC signs treaty with Kutai on Kalimantan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1636</span><br /><br />Iskandar Thani becomes Sultan of Aceh; supports Islamic learning.<br /><br />Agung begins conquest of easternmost Java.<br /><br />Agung suppresses a revolt in Giri.<br /><br />Agung, realizing that he cannot defeat Dutch, makes overtures towards VOC.<br /><br />Van Diemen becomes Governor-General of VOC.<br /><br />Portuguese abandon posts on Solor after six years.<br /><br />VOC bans all private correspondence (until 1701).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1637</span><br /><br />VOC attacks Ternate.<br /><br />VOC releases Kakiali, who pledges friendship to VOC but makes anti-Dutch alliance between Hitu, Ternate, and Gowa.<br /><br />Local Muslims overcome Portuguese fortress at Ende on Flores.<br /><br />Agung gives permission for Portuguese and Catholic refugees from Batavia to settle around Jepara.<br /><br />Agung finally takes Balambangan in easternmost Java. The area is devastated by warfare.<br /><br />Palembang and Banjarmasin send ambassadors to make homage to Agung.<br /><br />Ar-Raniri arrives in Aceh from Gujarat in India.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Around this time the VOC started pushing the Portuguese out of many of their posts in Nusa Tenggara.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Ar-Raniri was a great writer and scholar in Aceh's golden age. Among other things, he wrote "Garden of Kings", a book about Islam and the scientific knowledge of the day. However, he was also a controversial figure in Aceh, and he returned to India in 1644.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1639</span><br /><br />Chief minister Matoaya of Gowa is succeeded by his son Pattingalloang.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Unlike his father, Pattingalloang did not maintain good relations with the Bugis. The bad feeling would eventually lead some Bugis to side with the VOC against Gowa and Makassar.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1640</span><br /><br />Bima on Sumbawa converts to Islam and becomes a Sultanate.<br /><br />Portugal regains independent crown from Spain.<br /><br />Portuguese abandon trading post at Jepara.<br /><br />Cirebon becomes a dependency of Mataram<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1641</span><br /><br />Taj ul-Alam becomes Sultana of Aceh, starts period of female rulers; Johore and Aceh settle differences.<br /><br />January 14 VOC takes Melaka from Portuguese, with help from the Sultan of Johore.<br /><br />Sultan of Johore opens ports in Riau to all traders.<br /><br />Kakiali and Hitu attack VOC on Ambon.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The VOC takeover of Melaka was the real end of Portuguese importance in the region. But after losing Melaka, some Portuguese started trading with Gowa on Sulawesi.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">After Taj ul-Alam became ruler of Aceh, the centralized power in Aceh lessened, regional ruler gained more power, and Aceh's tributaries began to show their independence.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">With the English and Portuguese almost gone, and Batavia and Ambon relatively secure from neighboring rulers, this was the most profitable time for the VOC.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1642</span><br /><br />VOC gets monopoly on trade with Palembang by treaty.<br /><br />Hidayatullah becomes Sultan of Banjar on Kalimantan.<br /><br />Tasman explores coasts of Irian Jaya for VOC on voyage back from New Zealand.<br /><br />"Statutes of Batavia", based on Roman law, are introduced as a legal code for VOC territories.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1643</span><br /><br />VOC has Kakiali murdered, continue drive to take Hitu.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1645</span><br /><br />Agung begins building royal tombs at Imogiri, (near today's Yogya).<br /><br />Mandarsyah becomes Sultan of Ternate with VOC help.<br /><br />VOC established outpost at Perak.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1646</span><br /><br />Sultan Agung dies, and is succeeded by Susuhunan Amangkurat I. Mataram controls all Java, more or less, except Banten and Batavia. Relations between Amangkurat I and the VOC are good in the beginning.<br /><br />VOC finally takes Hitu.<br /><br />Dutch arrive again on Solor, abandoned by the Portuguese ten years earlier.<br /><br />September 24 Cooperation treaty between VOC and Mataram, involving promises of mutual assistance against enemies and extradition of runaway debtors, among other things. Ships of Mataram may trade at any VOC port except Ambon, Ternate or Banda, but must apply for a pass at Batavia if they are sailing for Melaka or points beyond.<br /><br />Portuguese begin building a settlement at the present site of Kupang on western Timor.<br /><br />VOC builds a trading post in the Tanimbar Islands.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1647</span><br /><br />Amangkurat I moves court to Plered near Karta.<br /><br />Mataram kingdom loses Balambangan in easternmost Java to Balinese forces.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1648</span><br /><br />Cakraningrat II takes power in Madura, under Mataram.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1650</span><br /><br />VOC intervenes in uprising against Sultan Mandarsyah of Ternate, sparking civil war.<br /><br />Amangkurat I orders Cirebon to attack Banten.<br /><br />Musta'in Billah becomes Sultan of Banjar on Kalimantan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1651</span><br /><br />VOC reopens post at Jepara; Amangkurat I begins interfering in coastal trade.<br /><br />Sultan Ageng begins rule at Banten (not to be confused with Sultan Agung of Mataram).<br /><br />VOC takes Kupang on western Timor; Portuguese move to Lifau, in what is now East Timor.<br /><br />VOC outpost at Perak is destroyed.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1652</span><br /><br />VOC takes Sultan Mandarsyah of Ternate to Batavia, makes him sign agreement not to grow cloves, starts military moves against opposing faction in Ternate.<br /><br />Amangkurat I bans the export of rice or timber.<br /><br />Hongi raids destroy clove cultivation on Buru.<br /><br />Tensions grow between the VOC and Gowa.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1655</span><br /><br />Amangkurat I orders that no boats of any kind shall set sail from his ports.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1656</span><br /><br />VOC deports population of Hoamoal near Ternate to Ambon.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1657</span><br /><br />Amangkurat I attacks Banten again.<br /><br />VOC forces population of Buru to relocate to Kaleji Bay.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1658</span><br /><br />VOC sets up post at Manado.<br /><br />War between VOC and Palembang.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1659</span><br /><br />VOC forces burn down Palembang, and reestablish the VOC post.<br /><br />Amangkurat I has several family members murdered, including the mother of the future Amangkurat II.<br /><br />July 10 Treaty between VOC and Banten: prisoners and runaway slaves are to be exchanged; VOC receives a presence at Banten free from rent or taxes; boundary between Banten and VOC territory is set.<br /><br />VOC builds fort in the Aru Islands, but soon abandons it.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/bugis.jpg" alt="" width="145" height="184" /><br /><i>Bugis fighters from a 1650s engraving.</i></div><p> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1660</span><br /><br />VOC attacks Gowa, destroys Portuguese ships in harbor, and forces peace treaty on Sultan Hasanuddin of Gowa.<br /><br />Arung Palakka of Bone rebels against Gowa; retreats with supporters to Butung.<br /><br />Buleleng begins drive to become power on Bali; King of Klungkung remains as "Dewa Agung" or chief king.<br /><br />Amangkurat I closes ports again; VOC leaves Jepara.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Formerly Bali had answered to the King at Gelgel. Around this time, the kingdom split into nine states:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Badung</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Bangli</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Buleleng</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Gianyar</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Jembrana</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Karangasem</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Klungkung</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Mengwi</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Tabanan</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1661</span><br /><br />Court rebellion against Amangkurat I.<br /><br />Banten takes diamond-bearing area of Landak on Kalimantan.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Amangkurat I had a reputation for being cruel and unpredictable. Besides his disastrous interference in the economy, at one time he had many of the Islamic scholars in Mataram killed, then took their former judicial powers for himself, turning himself into an absolute ruler.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1662</span><br /><br />Portuguese headquarters in the east is moved from Larantuka, Flores to Lifau (today Oecussi or Pantemakassar) in what is now East Timor.<br /><br />VOC signs treaty with chiefs on Roti.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1663</span><br /><br />Spanish abandon post at Tidore.<br /><br />VOC allows Arung Palakka and followers to settle at Batavia.<br /><br />Banten begins direct trade with Manila.<br /><br />July 6 Treaty of Painan: coastal areas of Minangkabau, including Padang, become a protectorate of the VOC, which guarantees them security against raids from Aceh.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">By the end of the 1660s, Banten was trading directly with China, Japan, Thailand, India and Arabia, using its own ships to compete with English, French, Danish and VOC traders. Sultan Ageng of Banten was a strong opponent of the VOC monopoly who insisted on promoting trade with other European, Arab and Asian traders as he pleased.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1666</span><br /><br />VOC sends out a fleet under Admiral Cornelis Speelman, with Bugis soldiers under Arung Palakka and Ambonese soldiers under "Captain Jonker", to settle issues in Gowa and Maluku.<br /><p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/speelman.jpg" alt="" width="152" border="0" height="200" /><br /><i><b>Cornelis Speelman</b>, Admiral and later Governor-General. Speelman left the Netherlands as a teenager and spent the rest of his life in the Indies, never returning.</i></div><p> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1667</span><br /><br />VOC expedition under Speelman lands at Butung, and clears the island of Gowa forces.<br /><br />Speelman expedition forces the Sultan of Tidore (now free of Spanish presence) to submit to the VOC. A peace treaty is signed between Ternate and Tidore, now both under VOC control.<br /><br />The future Amangkurat II begins seeking VOC help against his father.<br /><br />English give up claims to Banda in exchange for Manhattan Island in America.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/hasanuddin.jpg" alt="" /><br /><i><b>Sultan Hasanuddin</b> of Gowa is remembered for fighting bravely against the VOC, but he eventually had to sign a treaty giving up almost all his territories to the Dutch.</i></div><p> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1668</span><br /><br />Arung Palakka returns to Bone, sparking a popular revolt against the Sultan of Gowa.<br /><br />Speelman expedition finally defeats Gowa.<br /><br />November 18 Treaty of Bungaya: Gowa submits to VOC control, and Sultan Hasanuddin has no influence outside the general area of the city of Makassar.<br /><br />VOC extends claims to Sumbawa and Flores after the defeat of Gowa.<br /><br />Bugis leaving the confusion on Sulawesi found Samarinda on Kalimantan.<br /><br />VOC builds a fort at Menggala in Lampung.<br /><br />By this time, the Portuguese in Makassar and Gowa had fled to Flores, or even to Macao or Thailand.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1669</span><br /><br />Sultan Hasanuddin of Gowa passes away; continuing troubles against the VOC in Gowa finally end.<br /><br />VOC traders at Banjarmasin are massacred.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1670</span><br /> <br />VOC establishes outposts at Bengkalis (across the straits from Melaka) and Perak, both for controlling the trade in tin.<br /><br />Balambangan in easternmost Java becomes independent of Balinese rule.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1671</span><br /><br />Trunojoyo unites Madura under his control, drives out Mataram forces.<br /> (Note: throughout this page, VOC stands for Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or the Dutch East India Company. The VOC had been granted many of the powers of a sovereign state by the government of the Netherlands.)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1672</span><br /><br />Gunung Merapi erupts in Mataram.<br /><br />VOC recognizes Arung Palakka as King of Bone.<br /> <br />In 1672, Louis XIV of France invaded the Netherlands with 100,000 soldiers. The Dutch had to open the dikes and flood the fields to prevent Amsterdam from falling to the French. However, since travel and communication were so slow in the 1600s and 1700s, these events had little effect on the activities of the VOC, which had the power to govern itself in any case.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1674</span><br /><br />Famine in Mataram.<br /><br />Bugis under Arung Palakka attack Toraja.<br /><br />Makassarese unhappy with Arung Palakka settle in East Java.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1675</span><br /> <br />Rebellion in Mataram, with help from Trunojoyo. Makassarese exiles attack ports on north coast of Java. Trunojoyo of Madura takes Surabaya. Rebels appeal to Islamic sentiments among the common people against both the court of Mataram and the VOC.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1676</span><br /> <br />Trunojoyo defeats Mataram army at Gogodog.<br /><br />Amangkurat I sends his son, Pangeran Puger, to the VOC to ask for help.<br /><br />VOC sends Admiral Speelman to fight the rebels against Mataram in North Java and Madura. Speelman quiets the rebellion along the coast between Cirebon and Jepara.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1677</span><br /><br />February 25 VOC makes a treaty with Amangkurat I: VOC will help Mataram, VOC territory around Batavia will be extended eastward, VOC may establish a factory anywhere they like without any restrictions on exports or imports, Mataram will restrict Malays, Arabs and other outsiders from settling in Mataram, and Mataram will repay the VOC for the cost of putting down the rebellion. Speelman receives the right to make treaties on behalf of Amangkurat I.<br /><br />May VOC pushes Trunojoyo out of Surabaya. Trunojoyo leaves behind over 100 cannon.<br /><br />May Trunojoyo moves on to loot the court of Mataram at Plered. Both loyal and rebellious members of the family of Amangkurat I flee. Trunojoyo takes the royal treasury and retreats to Kediri.<br /><br />Banten forces occupy Cirebon and the Priangan.<br /><br />July Amangkurat I dies. Amangkurat II seeks VOC help against the rebels.<br /><br />Balinese from Karangasem drive Makassarese off of Lombok.<br /><br />VOC occupies Sangir islands.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1678</span><br /><br />January 15 Amangkurat II gives the VOC a monopoly on the sugar trade in Jepara.<br /><br />Amangkurat II, without money to pay his debts to the VOC, promises to give up Semarang, his claims to the Priangan, and fees from coastal ports until debts are paid.<br /><br />VOC and Amangkurat II march on Kediri and destroy Trunojoyo's headquarters after a fifty-day siege. Arung Palakka and his supporters fight for the VOC as mercenaries, and conspire to win away Makassarese mercenaries fighting for Trunojoyo. Captured gold and treasure is distributed among the victorious troops. Amangkurat II receives back the gold crown of Majapahit, an heirloom of the house of Mataram, but its central diamond is missing (possibly stolen by a Dutch soldier). Trunojoyo himself escapes.<br /><br />Inayatullah becomes Sultan of Banjar on Kalimantan.<br /><br />December 9 Nine Makassarese chiefs who had been fighting for Trunojoyo as mercenaries surrender to the VOC, and are allowed to return to Sulawesi.<br /> Throughout this period, the rulers of Mataram borrowed money from the VOC, which turned out to be a bad deal for both. The rulers of Mataram lost power and sovereignty, but the debts to the VOC were never fully repaid, and the VOC lost money year after year.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1679</span><br /> <br />VOC and Arung Palakka drive the remaining Makassarese out of East Java.<br /><br />Banten retreats from Cirebon and the Priangan.<br /><br />VOC makes an alliance with Minahasans at Manado.<br /><br />December 25 Trunojoyo gives himself up to the combined VOC and Mataram forces, under the promise that his life will be spared. He is executed anyway. (In one story, he is promised the post of minister and executed by Amangkurat II himself, with a royal keris.)<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1680</span><br /> <br />VOC forces attack rebel areas in Mataram.<br /><br />Pangeran Puger continues to run a court at Plered against Amangkurat II. Amangkurat II founds a new court at Kartasura (guarded by VOC troops), then drives Puger out of Plered.<br /><br />Banten declares war on VOC. Sultan Ageng is replaced in coup by his son, Sultan Haji, who seeks help from the VOC.<br /><br />VOC forces invade Madura, supposedly on behalf of Mataram. Cakraningrat II, uncle of Trunojoyo, takes power in West Madura. VOC retains control of East Madura.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1681</span><br /> <br />January 6 VOC signs agreement with the princes of Cirebon for mutual assistance in case of emergencies, and agreeing on severe punishment if any of the three heads rebelled against the VOC. Cirebon will not build any fortifications without VOC approval, the VOC has a monopoly on pepper in Cirebon, and the princes may control the export of sugar and rice from Cirebon.<br /><br />Pangeran Puger builds a new force and retakes the center of Mataram, but not Kartasura. VOC forces push him back and defeat him.<br /><br />VOC intervenes in Roti, puts allies in power.<br /><br />Karangasem begins trying to take Lombok.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1682</span><br /> <br />Sultan Ageng's supporters, including much of the population, retake Banten against his son. VOC reacts by taking Banten with superior firepower. VOC expels English and other European traders from Banten, and begins to control Cirebon, the Priangan, and Lampung. Syekh Waliyullah, Islamic scholar and enemy of the Dutch, is exiled to the VOC post in Ceylon.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1684</span><br /> <br />April 17 VOC renews its 1659 treaty with Banten; in addition, Banten gives up its claims to Cirebon, and grants the VOC a monopoly in the pepper trade in Lampung.<br /><br />April 28 VOC cancels the debts owed by the Sultan of Banten, but only on the condition that the previous treaties between the VOC and Banten are obeyed.<br /><br />Surapati, (also called Untung), a former slave and outlaw, now employed as a VOC soldier, attacks a VOC column and escapes. He travels across the countryside of Java gathering followers.<br /><br />Surapati instructs his followers to kill two officials in Banyumas who were rebelling against the authority of Mataram. He receives the gratitude of Amangkurat II, and is given refuge by anti-VOC members of the court of Mataram at Kartasura.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1685</span><br /> <br />Post is founded at Bengkulu by English traders who had been forced to leave Banten.<br /><br />VOC forces treaty on Sultan of Riau.<br /><br />Sa'dillah becomes Sultan of Banjar.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1686</span><br /> <br />February 15 VOC receives a complete monopoly on pepper in Banten.<br /><br />VOC sends an embassy to the Mataram court at Kartasura, demanding the return of Surapati. Amangkurat II stages a fake attack on Surapati's residence, then has his soldiers turn to cut down VOC representatives and soldiers, with the help of Pangeran Puger. The remaining VOC presence at court leaves for Jepara. Amangkurat II sends an ambassador to the VOC at Jepara claiming that he took no part in attacking the Dutch.<br /><br />Surapati and the chief minister of Amangkurat II leave Kartasura for Pasuruan. Amangkurat II orders his ministers in Madura and Surabaya to make the appearance of pursuit.<br /><br />Surapati begins building a new kingdom for himself in easternmost Java.<br /><br />Amangkurat II sends secret letters to Johore, Minangkabau, English East India Co, even Siam trying to find help against VOC.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1688</span><br /> <br />Local leader on Bangka (claimed by Palembang) asks for VOC protection.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1689</span><br /> <br />Plot against VOC in Batavia fails; rebels flee to Kartasura.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1690</span><br /> <br />Amangkurat II stages another mock attack on Surapati at Pasuruan. The promised VOC help arrives late, foiling the plans to ambush the VOC soldiers again.<br /><br />VOC abandons outpost at Perak.<br /><br />Tea is introduced on Java.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1694</span><br /> <br />VOC begins contacts with Bataks around Lake Toba, Sumatra.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1695</span><br /> <br />Sultanate of Asahan is founded on Sumatra, as a dependency of Siak.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1696</span><br /><br />Arung Palakka, King of Bone, passes away.<br /><br />Sultan Muhammad Syah of Indrapura abdicates. VOC gains influence in the absence of a ruler there.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1697</span><br /> <br />King of Buleleng in Bali takes Balambangan on Java and returns it to Balinese rule.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1699</span><br /> <br />Surapati takes areas around Madiun.<br /><br />VOC introduces coffee cultivation to Java.<br /><br />VOC increases influence around Kutai on Kalimantan.<br /><br />Sultan Mahmud II of Riau is assassinated; civil war breaks out.<br /><br />Earthquake at Batavia.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1700</span><br /> <br />Tahlilillah becomes Sultan of Banjar.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://www.gimonca.com/index.html"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">By : gimonca</span></a></div><br /></div>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-5882106160139397402009-03-30T09:04:00.000-07:002009-03-30T09:21:08.315-07:00Indonesia About Year 1501 - 1600<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1505</span><br /> <br />Trenggono, grandson of Raden Patah, becomes prince of Demak.<br /> <br />Local powers on Java around 1500 included:<br /><br />Demak which was the chief power in Java in the early 1500s. Nearby Jepara participated in many naval expeditions.<br /><br />Surabaya. Some powers that later came under Surabaya include Gresik, home of Sunan Giri, and Pasuruan.<br /><br />Banten, which was a Hindu power under Pajajaran until the arrival of Sunan Gunungjati.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1509</span><br /><br />Portuguese visit Melaka for the first time.<br /> <br />The goal of the Portuguese was to take control of trade. Later trade empires would include Gowa, Banten, and the Dutch VOC or East India Company. The original goal of all of them was money before political power, but they did not always stick to their original goal.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1511</span><br /> <br />April Portuguese Admiral Albuquerque sets sail from Goa to Melaka.<br /><br />August 10 Albuquerque's forces take Melaka.<br /><br />Sultan of Melaka escapes to Riau.<br /><br />Portuguese in Melaka destroy a "Javanese" fleet. Their ship sinks with treasure on way back to Goa.<br /><br />December Albuquerque sends three ships under da Breu from Melaka to explore eastwards.<br /> <br />The gate to the Portuguese fortress at Melaka. Melaka was the center of the Portuguese trade empire in the Indies in the 1500s. The Portuguese in Melaka were attacked every few years by the Sultans of Malaya and Sumatra, especially Aceh and Johore. Sometimes alliances would be formed with powers on Java to attack the Portuguese.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1512</span><br /> <br />Da Breu expedition travels from Melaka to Madura, Bali, Lombok, Aru and Banda. Two ships are wrecked at Banda. Da Breu returns to Melaka; Francisco Serrão repairs ship and continues to Ambon, Ternate, and Tidore. Serrão offers support to Ternate in a dispute with Tidore--his men build a Portuguese post at Ternate.<br /> Serrão wrote to Magellan at this time (who formerly served under Albuquerque, but pledged allegiance to Spain after being refused a promotion) telling Magellan about the riches of the Indies.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1513</span><br /> <br />A force from Jepara and Palembang attacks the Portuguese in Melaka, but is repulsed.<br /><br />March Portuguese send an envoy to King of Pajajaran. Portuguese are allowed to build a fort at Sunda Kelapa (now Jakarta).<br /><br />Portuguese make contact with King Udara, son of Girindrawardhana and ruler over the remnant of Majapahit.<br /><br />Portuguese build factories at Ternate and Bacan.<br /><br />Udara attacks Demak with the help of the King of Klungkung on Bali. Majapahit forces are driven back, but Sunan Ngudung falls in battle. Many more supporters of Majapahit flee to Bali.<br /> <br />Powers on Sumatra included:<br /><br />Aceh, the first major Islamic power in what is now Indonesia. It was founded by local rulers of Lamuri, around today's Banda Aceh, after they were expelled from Pedir (around today's Sigli). After the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese, many Muslim merchants moved their business operations to Aceh, and this caused Aceh to grow as a trading power.<br /><br />Palembang where sultans still ruled long after the fall of Srivijaya.<br /><br />On Kalimantan, Sukadana was a thriving city founded by refugees from the fall of Majapahit.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1514</span><br /> <br />Ali Mughayat Syah is first Sultan of Aceh. On Bali the King of Gelgel (near today's Klungkung) was the most powerful king in the 1500s.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1515</span><br /> <br />First Portuguese visit Timor.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1518</span><br /> <br />Sultan Mahmud of Melaka takes power at Johore.<br /><br />Raden Patah passes away; Yunus becomes Sultan of Demak.<br /> <br />The Sultanate of Johore was attacked by the Portuguese all through the 1520s.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1520</span><br /> <br />Aceh begins taking northeast coast of Sumatra.<br /><br />Balinese attack on Lombok.<br /><br />Portuguese traders begin visiting Flores and Solor.<br /><br />Banjar on Kalimantan converts to Islam.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1521</span><br /> <br />Yunus leads fleet from Demak and Cirebon against the Portuguese in Melaka. Yunus is killed in battle. Trenggono becomes Sultan of Demak.<br /><br />Portuguese take Pasai in Sumatra; Gunungjati leaves Pasai for Mecca.<br /><br />Last ship of Magellan expedition around the world sails between Lembata and Pantar islands in Nusa Tenggara.<br /> <br />Sultan Trenggono is remembered as a ruler who did much to spread Islam throughout East and Central Java.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1522</span><br /> <br />February Portuguese expedition under De Brito arrives on Banda.<br /><br />May De Brito expedition arrives at Ternate, builds a Portuguese fort.<br /><br />Banten, still Hindu, asks for Portuguese help against Muslim Demak.<br /><br />Survivors of Magellan's expedition around the world visit Timor.<br /><br />Portuguese build fort at Hitu on Ambon.<br /><br />Only 18 men survived Magellan's expedition, but they returned to Spain with about a ton of cloves, enough to make them wealthy for life.<br /><br />The arrival of Spanish ships was worrisome to the Portuguese, however, who now had to deal with a European competitor in the heart of the Spice Islands.<br />1523<br /> <br />Gunungjati returns from Mecca and settles at Demak, marries sister of Sultan Trenggono. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1524</span><br /> <br />Gunungjati and son Hasanuddin do both covert and overt missionary work in West Java to weaken the kingdom of Pajajaran and its alliance with the Portuguese. Local ruler of Banten, formerly dependent on Pajajaran, converts to Islam and joins Demak's side.<br /><br />Aceh takes Pasai and Pedir in northern Sumatra.<br /> About this time much of Java began to convert to Islam, including Banten, Mataram and Central Java, and Surabaya.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1525</span><br /> <br /><br />Hasanuddin, son of Gunungjati, does missionary work in Lampung.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1526</span><br /> <br />Portuguese build first fort on Timor. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1527</span><br /> <br />Demak conquers Kediri, Hindu remnant of Majapahit state; Sultans of Demak claims to be successors to Majapahit claims; Sunan Kudus takes part.<br /><br />Demark takes Tuban.<br /><br />Demak, with help from Banten, takes Sunda Kelapa from Pajajaran; renames it Jayakerta. (Credit is given to a "Fatahillah"--or after the Portuguese mispronounciation, "Falatehan"-- but this might be a name given to Sunan Gunungjati.) Pajajaran Kingdom is pushed away from the sea.<br /><br />Kingdom of Palakaran on Madura, based at Arosbaya (now Bangkalan), converts to Islam under Kyai Pratanu.<br /><br />Expeditions from Spain and Mexico try to drive the Portuguese from Maluku.<br /> <br />Masjid at Kudus, from the early 1500s.<br /><br />Among the notable figures of this period are the Wali Songo or Nine Walis.<br /><br />See also Notes on Islam in Modern Indonesia.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1529</span><br /> <br />Demak conquers Madiun.<br /><br />Kings of Spain and Portugal agree that Maluku should belong to Portugal, and the Philippines should belong to Spain.<br /><br />Spain and Portugal had divided the entire world between themselves in 1494. They continued to argue for years over the exact position of the dividing circle. A 1524 conference sponsored by the Pope did not settle matters.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1530</span><br /> <br />Salahuddin is Sultan of Aceh.<br /><br />Surabaya and Pasuruan submit to Demak. Demak takes Balambangan, the last Hindu state in easternmost Java.<br /><br />Gowa begins expanding from Makassar.<br /><br />Banten extends influence over Lampung.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1536</span><br /><br />Major Portuguese attack on Johore.<br /><br />Antonio da Galvão becomes governor of Portuguese post at Ternate; founds Portuguese post at Ambon.<br /><br />Portuguese take Sultan Tabariji of Ternate to Goa due to suspicions of anti-Portuguese activity, replace him with his brother.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1537</span><br /> <br />Acehnese attack on Melaka fails. Salahuddin of Aceh is replaced by Alaudin Riayat Syah I.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1539</span><br /> <br />Aceh attacks the Bataks to their south.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1540</span><br /> <br />Portuguese in contact with Gowa.<br /><br />Sultanate of Butung founded.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1545</span><br /> <br />Demak conquers Malang.<br /><br />Gowa builds fort at Ujung Pandang.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1546</span><br /><br />Demak invades Balambangan without success.<br /><br />Trenggono of Demak dies and is succeeded by Prawata. His son-in-law Joko Tingkir expands power from Pajang (near present Sukoharjo).<br /><br />St. Francis Xavier travels to Morotai, Ambon, and Ternate.<br /> <br />Catholicism (Katolik), one of Indonesia's five religions.<br /><br />Around this time Portuguese missionaries began to spread the Catholic religion in Indonesia, especially in the east. Today Catholicism is one of Indonesia's recognized religions.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1547</span><br /> <br />Aceh attacks Melaka. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1550</span><br /> <br />Portuguese begin building forts on Flores. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1551</span><br /> <br />Johore attacks Portuguese Melaka with help from Jepara.<br /><br />Force from Ternate takes control of Sultanate of Jailolo on Halmahera with Portuguese help.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1552</span><br /> <br />Hasanuddin breaks away from Demak and founds Sultanate of Banten, then takes Lampung for the new Sultanate.<br /><br />Aceh sends embassy to the Ottoman sultan in Istanbul.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1558</span><br /> <br />Leiliato leads a force from Ternate to attack the Portuguese at Hitu.<br /><br />Portuguese build a fortress on Bacan.<br /><br />Ki Ageng Pemanahan receives Mataram district from Joko Tinggir, ruling at Pajang.<br /><br />Smallpox epidemic at Ternate.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1559</span><br /> <br />Portuguese missionaries land at Timor.<br /><br />Khairun becomes Sultan of Ternate.<br /> <br />Sultan Khairun was friendly to St. Francis Xavier, and was known to be a skillful politician who manipulated the Portuguese into doing what he wanted while claiming to be a Portuguese ally. However, in the end the Portuguese threw him in prison and tried to poison him when he would not yield lands to them.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1560</span><br /> <br />Portuguese found mission and trading post at Panarukan, in easternmost Java.<br /><br />Spanish establish a presence at Manado.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1561</span><br /> <br />Sultan Prawata of Demak passes away.<br /><br />Portuguese Dominican mission founded on Solor.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1564</span><br /> <br />Smallpox epidemic at Ambon.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1565</span><br /> <br />Aceh sacks Johore.<br /><br />Kutai on Kalimantan converts to Islam.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1566</span><br /> <br />Portuguese Dominican mission on Solor builds a stone fortress.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1568</span><br /> <br />Unsuccessful attack by Aceh on Portuguese Melaka.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1569</span><br /> <br />Portuguese build wooden fortress on Ambon island. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1570</span><br /> <br />Aceh attacks Johore again, but fails.<br /><br />Sultan Khairun of Ternate signs a treaty of friendship with the Portuguese, but is found poisoned the next day. Portuguese agents are suspected. Babullah becomes Sultan (until 1583), and vows to drive the Portuguese out of their fortress.<br /><br />Maulana Yusup becomes Sultan of Banten.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1571</span><br /> <br />Alaudin Riayet Shah dies, disorder in Aceh until 1607. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1574</span><br /> <br />Jepara leads unsuccessful attack on Melaka.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1575</span><br /> <br />Sultan Babullah expels the Portuguese from Ternate. Portuguese build a fort on Tidore instead.<br /> <br />The Portuguese in Ternate were under siege in their fortress for five years, and never received help from Melaka or Goa in India.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1576</span><br /> <br />Portuguese build fort at the present site of the city of Ambon.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1577</span><br /> <br />Ki Ageng Pemanahan founds Kota Gede (near today's Yogya).<br /><br />Sunan Kalijogo as portrayed in an old engraving.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1579</span><br /> <br />Banten takes the remaining part of Pajajaran, converts it to Islam.<br /><br />November Sir Francis Drake of England, after raiding Spanish ships and ports in America, arrives at Ternate. Sultan Babullah, who also hated the Spanish, pledges friendship to England.<br /> <br />A Portuguese map from the late 1500s showing the Indies in rough outlines. This information was kept secret by the Spanish and Portuguese until Dutch and English ships started to make trips to the Indies just before 1600.<br /><br />Some of the subjects of the Pajajaran kingdom who did not convert to Islam left for the high mountains, and became the Badui people of West Java today.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1580</span><br /><br />Maulana Muhammad becomes Sultan of Banten.<br /><br />Portugal falls under Spanish crown; Portuguese colonial enterprises are disregarded.<br /><br />Drake visits Sulawesi and Java, on the way back to England.<br /><br />Ternate takes control of Butung.<br /> <br />In the 1500s, the Netherlands were an important business center for Europe, where products from Russia, Scandinavia, Africa, Asia and America were bought and sold. The Netherlands during that time was ruled by Spain. By 1581, the Netherlands had rebelled against the King of Spain and had begun to govern themselves. But since Spain now had control of the Portuguese colonies, the Spanish could prevent Dutch businessmen from easy access to spices from the Indies. This was one reason that Dutch ships began to make their own voyages direct to the Indies in the 1590s.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1581</span><br /> <br />About this time, Kyai Ageng Pemanahan takes over Mataram district (which had been promised to him by Joko Tingkir, who delayed until Sunan Kalijogo of the Nine Walis pressed him), changes name to Kyai Gedhe Mataram.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1584</span><br /> <br />Sutawijaya succeeds his father Kyai Gedhe Mataram as local ruler of Mataram, ruling from Kota Gede.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1585</span><br /> <br />Sultan of Aceh sends a letter to Elizabeth I of England.<br /><br />Portuguese ship sent to build a fort and mission on Bali is wrecked just offshore.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1587</span><br /> <br />Sutawijaya defeats Pajang and Joko Tingkir dies; lineage passes definitely to Sutawijaya. Mount Merapi erupts.<br /><br />Portuguese in Melaka attack Johore.<br /><br />Portuguese sign a truce with the Sultan of Aceh.<br /><br />Sir Thomas Cavendish of England visits Java.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1588</span><br /> <br />Sutawijaya changes name to Senopati; takes Pajang and Demak. <br /><br />Senopati in a traditional portrait.<br /><br />From Senopati one can easily trace the lineage of today's Sultan of Yogya and Susuhunan of Surakarta. Traditionally, the line is traced back all the way to the kings of Majapahit.<br /><br />After this point, the power in central Java was definitely in the Mataram district, around today's Yogyakarta and Surakarta, rather than around Demak.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1590</span><br /> <br />Original village of Medan founded. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1591</span><br /> <br />Senopati takes Madiun, then Kediri.<br /><br />Sir James Lancaster of England reaches Aceh and Penang, but his mission is a failure.<br /><br />Ternate attacks Portuguese in Ambon.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1593</span><br /> <br />Ternate lays siege to the Portuguese in Ambon again. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1595</span><br /> <br />April 2 Dutch expedition under De Houtman leaves for Indies.<br /><br />Suriansyah makes Banjar on Kalimantan a Sultanate (later Banjarmasin).<br /><br />Portuguese build fort at Ende, Flores.<br /> <br />Many Dutch sailors had worked on Spanish and Portuguese ships. When De Houtman's Dutch expedition set sail, there were experienced crewmen available to guide them to the Indies.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1596</span><br /> <br />June 5 De Houtman expedition reaches Sumatra.<br /><br />June 23 De Houtman expedition reaches Banten. The initial reception is friendly, but after some rough behavior by the Dutch, the Sultan of Banten, along with the Portuguese stationed in Banten, shell the Dutch ships.<br /><br />The De Houtman expedition continues along north coast of Java. A ship is lost to pirates. More bad behavior leads to misunderstandings and violence on Madura: a prince of Madura is killed, several Dutch sailors are arrested and taken prisoner, De Houtman has to ransom them for release.<br /><br />Abul Mufakir becomes Sultan of Banten.<br /> <br />Three Chinese merchants at Banten, late 1500s.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1597</span><br /><br />Some members of De Houtman expedition settle on Bali and refuse to leave.<br /><br />A Portuguese fleet under Lourenzo de Brito decides, contrary to instructions, to seek retribution from the Sultan of Banten for doing business with Dutch traders. The fleet is defeated by Banten and forced to retreat.<br /><br />Remnants of the De Houtman expedition (89 of an original 248 sailors) return to Holland with spices.<br /><br />Senopati attacks Banten, but is driven back.<br /> <br />Title page from the published account of the de Houtman expedition. The Spanish and Portuguese had maintained secrecy about the results of their explorations. The Dutch broke their monopoly on information.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1598</span><br /> <br />22 Dutch ships in five expeditions set out for the east. The Netherlands States-General suggests that competing companies should merge. De Houtman's second expedition includes John Davis, an English spy. Van Noort sets off to sail around the southern tip of America to the Indies.<br /><br />Senopati attacks the western territories of Surabaya.<br /> <br />The De Houtman voyage was actually not profitable, (partly due to de Houtman's own poor judgment and general recklessness) but the businessmen of the Netherlands could see the future potential in the spice trade, and dozens of new voyages were planned to follow its path. This period of is sometimes called the "wilde vaart".<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1599</span><br /> <br />Dutch expedition under Van Neck reaches Maluku, begins successful trading on Banda, Ambon and Ternate.<br /><br />June De Houtman is killed in conflict with Sultan of Aceh.<br /><br />Dutch churches begin calls for missionary work in the Indies.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1600</span><br /> <br />Van Noort expedition attacks Spanish at Guam.<br /><br />Portuguese establish trading post at Jepara.<br /><br />Raja of Minangkabau converts to Islam.<br /><br />September Dutch Admiral Van den Haghen makes an alliance with the Hitu against the Portuguese in Ambon.<br /><br />December 31 Elizabeth I of England charters East India Company.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://www.gimonca.com/index.html"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">By : gimonca</span></a></div></div>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-10046126857234456942009-03-30T08:10:00.000-07:002009-03-30T09:04:39.430-07:00Indonesia About Year 1001 -1500<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1006</span><br /><br />Srivijaya attacks and destroys the capital of Mataram. The palace is burned, and Dharmavamsa is killed. Airlangga (then 15 years old) escapes the destruction. Several years of chaos in eastern Java follow.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1017</span><br /><br />Rajendra Chola, king of Coromandel in India, attacks Srivijaya.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1019</span><br /><br />Airlangga takes rule in eastern Java, founds Kahuripan kingdom, makes peace with Srivijaya, protects both Hindus and Buddhists. Over several years extends his rule over central Java, eastern Java, and Bali, uniting areas that had fallen into disunity.<br /><br /><i>Airlangga is remembered in today's Indonesia as a model of religious tolerance. He spent his early years living in the forests as an ascetic.</i><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1025</span><br /><p> Rajendra Chola of southern India takes Malay peninsula from Srivijaya for twenty years. Chola raiders attack Jambi and other areas of Sumatra. </p><p> Airlangga extends the power and influence of Kahuripan as Srivijaya is weakened. </p><p> <i>Under Airlangga, the ports of the north coast of Java, especially Surabaya and Tuban, became large important trading centers for the first time. This was partly due to the weakening of Srivijaya, which made trading there unsafe.</i> </p><p> <i>Around this time, Tumasik was a small kingdom on the site of today's Singapore. It may have been influenced by the newcomers from southern India.</i> </p><p> <i>Also around this time, the Panai kingdom was flourishing in the Batak areas of northern Sumatra.</i> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1030</span><br /><br />Airlangga marries the daughter of Sangrama Vijayottungavarman, King of Srivijaya.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1045</span><br /><br />Airlangga divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms, Janggala (around today's Malang) and Kediri, for his two sons, and abdicates to live the life of an ascetic. He passes away four years later.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1068</span><br /><br />Vira Rajendra, king of Coromandel, conquers Kedah from Srivijaya. More Chola raids occur on Sumatra.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1076</span><br /><br />Around this time, the Tidung kingdom is founded around Tarakan in eastern Kalimantan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1108</span><br /><br />Kingdom (later Sultanate) of Tidore is founded.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1117</span><br /><br />Kamesvara becomes king of Kediri (until 1130). He marries a princess of Janggala and reunites the two kingdoms.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1135</span><br /><br />King Joyoboyo takes rule in Kediri until 1157.<br /><br /><p> <i>Joyoboyo is remembered for a prophecy that Indonesia would be ruled by a white race for a long time, then a yellow race for a short time, then be independent. His reign was also a golden age of Old Javanese literature.</i> </p><p> <i>During this time, Ternate was a vassal state of Kediri.</i> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1221</span><br /><br />Ken Angrok, local ruler of Tumapel, defeats the forces of Kediri (Battle of Genter).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1222</span><br /><br />Ken Angrok founds the Singhasari kingdom as King Rajasa.<br /><p> <i>Putri Dedes was the wife of Ken Angrok. She was the daughter of a Buddhist priest who was stolen away by the governor of Tumapel (near Malang) on Java. Ken Angrok himself stole Putri Dedes away from her first husband to be his wife, but she was already pregnant, and her son (later King Anusapati) was actually the son of the governor, Tunggul Ametung. Eventually Ken Angrok conspired to have Tunggul Ametung killed so that he could become ruler of Tumapel.</i> </p><p> <i>Tumapel paid tribute to Kediri until Ken Angrok became powerful enough to conquer Kediri for himself in 1222. The last ruler of Kediri, Kertajaya, was considered cruel and overbearing.</i> </p><p> <i>Putri Dedes was long remembered as the mother of the royal line of Singhasari, and later Majapahit, Mataram, Yogya and Solo.</i> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1227</span><br /><br />Ken Angrok dies, and is succeeded by Anusapati.<br /><br /><i>By now, Jambi was an independent kingdom on Sumatra.</i><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1247</span><br /><br />Anusapati dies after a peaceful 20-year reign. Tohjaya, son of Ken Angrok by a concubine, becomes king of Singhasari.<br /><br /><i>Tradition says that the kings of Singhasari during this period were all murdered by their successors, as part of the feud arising from Ken Angrok stealing away Putri Dedes.</i><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1250</span><br /><br />Tohjaya is killed in a rebellion and replaced as king by by Wisnuwardhana, son of Anusapati.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1257</span><br /><br />Baab Mashur Malamo becomes king of Gapi (later Ternate).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1268</span><br /><br />King Wisnuwardhana of Singhasari dies, and is succeeded by Kertanegara. Kertanegara promotes a mixture of Hinduism and Buddhism.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1275</span><br /><br />Kertanegara begins a campaign to unite the various kingdoms around Sumatra and Java (whether by alliance or military conquest is debated).<br /><br /><i>Historical records tell very different stories about Kertanegara. Some say that he was a drunkard and lustful; others that he was an ascetic and saint.<br /><br /></i><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1280</span><br /><i><br /></i>A group of Javanese from Kediri, unhappy with Kertanegara, settle around Kutai in Kalimantan.<br /><br /><i>Around this time, the Thai kingdom of Sukhotai began to take the parts of the Malay peninsula that had belonged to Srivijaya.<br /><br /></i><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1281</span><br /><i><br /></i>Muslims from Jambi send an embassy to Kublai Khan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1284</span><br /><br />Kertanegara takes Bali for Singhasari. The last Warmadewa king of Bali is killed.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1289</span><br /><br />Kublai Khan sends messengers to Singhasari to demand tribute; Kertanegara slashes their faces and sends them home.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1290</span><br /><br />Kertanegara takes the Melayu kingdom on Sumatra around Jambi.<br /><br /><i>Around this time, Kertanegara also took the Sunda area of western Java, uniting the entire island.<br /><br /></i><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1292</span><br /><br /><p> Marco Polo visits Sumatra and Java. </p><p> Kublai Khan prepares invasion fleet of 1000 ships to take Java. </p><p> Kertanegara is killed in a court rebellion; his son-in-law Wijaya retreats and founds a new court at Majapahit (today Trowulan), with the help of Arya Wiraraja, the local ruler of Madura. </p><p> Bali breaks away from Singhasari under the Pejeng kings at Ubud. </p><p> <b>November</b> Mongol fleet leaves for Java; lands at Tuban.<br /></p><p><i>Majapahit was one of the few countries of that time to defeat a Mongol invasion, along with Japan and Egypt. However, the Mongol fleet was hit by a typhoon along the way, and was refused permission to land in Champa (in today's Vietnam) to take on supplies. By the time the fleet reached Tuban, the army was sickened and weak.</i></p><p><i> </i><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1293</span></p><p> Wijaya forms alliance with Mongol forces against the remainder of Singhasari in Kediri, led by Jayakatwang. </p><p> <b>March</b> Combined force of Mongol/Chinese soldiers and Majapahit takes Kediri. </p><p> Wijaya returns to Trowulan, then attacks the Mongols in a surprise attack. The Mongols retreat and leave Java. </p><p> <b>November</b> Wijaya is enthroned as king Kertarajasa Jayawardhana of new Majapahit.<br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/singasari.jpg" alt="" align="middle" border="0" /><br /><i><b>Candi Singasari</b>, near today's Malang.</i> </p><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/wijaya.jpg" alt="" width="200" align="middle" border="0" height="130" /><br /><i><b>Wijaya</b> being crowned <b>King Kertarajasa</b> of Majapahit, in a sculpture from that time.</i> </p><div style="text-align: center;"> <i>According to tradition, Vijaya married all four daughters of the former king Kertanegara. Some think that this tradition is actually symbolic, that the four daughters represent Bali, Madura, Sumatra (Jambi) and Kalimantan, the outlying areas dependent on the kingdom.</i></div><p> </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1295</span></p><p>Rebellion against King Kertarajasa of Majapahit, led by Rangga Lawe, is put down.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1297</span></p><p>Pasai in Sumatra converts to Islam. Sultan Malek Saleh is the first Muslim ruler in what is now Indonesia.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1298</span></p><p>Rebellion against Kertarajasa, led by Sora, breaks out. It lasts for two years before being suppressed. </p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1309</span></p><p>Jayanegara becomes king of Majapahit.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1316</span></p><p>Rebellion led by Nambi, son of a former chief minister, is put down by Jayanegara. </p><p><i>Some observers think that the rebellions against Majapahit were due to the ongoing policy of expansion, that Javanese members of the court disliked "outsiders" from Sumatra and other areas having influence.</i></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1319</span></p><p>Rebellion led by Kuti forces Jayanegara to flee the court for the countryside. An uprising against Kuti allows Jayanegara to return to court.<br /></p><p><i>During the rebellion, Jayanegara was accompanied by a young leader of his bodyguards, Gajah Mada. Gajah Mada slipped back into the city in disguise, and started a rumor that King Jayanegara had been killed. This news was very unpopular among the public, which told Gajah Mada that Kuti was disliked and the King should try to retake his throne.</i></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1328</span></p><p>Jayanegara is assassinated, possibly with the help of Gajah Mada. Tribhuwana Wijayatungga Dewi, daughter of Kertarajasa, is titular head until 1350. </p><p> <i>Tradition says that King Jayanegara had stolen the wife of Gajah Mada. Gajah Mada, now a high-ranking minister, conspired to have a doctor kill the King on his sickbed, then turned around and had the doctor executed for this deed.</i> </p><p> <i>Around this time, Odoric of Pordonone, a Franciscan monk from Italy, visited Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan.</i></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1330</span></p><p> Gajah Madah becomes patih or chief minister of Majapahit, and rules as regent. </p> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1333</span><p>Kingdom of Pajajaran is founded, with its capital at Pakuan near today's Bogor. </p><i>One of the few areas that were not conquered by Majapahit was the Sundanese area of West Java, the Kingdom of Pajajaran. It occasionally paid tribute to Majapahit, but was known for its independent behavior.</i><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1334</span><br /><p> Hayam Wuruk is born to Tribhuwana Wijayatungga Dewi; heir to line of Majapahit. </p> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1343</span><br /><br />Force under Gajah Madah defeats the Pejeng king of Bali, Dalem Bedaulu, and takes Bali for Majapahit.<br /><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/gajahmada.jpg" alt="" align="middle" border="0" /><br /><i><b>Gajah Madah</b> in a statue from the 1300s.</i> </p><p style="text-align: center;"> <i>With Gajah Madah as chief minister, the kingdom of Majapahit gained control or collected tribute from most of what is now Indonesia. He is remembered for the "Palapa Oath", saying that he would refuse to eat spices in his food (palapa) until all the islands around were united under one rule. Today in Yogyakarta, the university is named for him.</i> </p><p style="text-align: center;"> <i>Around this time, traditional chronicles say that Majapahit collected tribute from "Makassar, Gowa, Banda, Sumbawa, Ende, Timor, Ternate, Sulu, Seram, Manila, and Burni (Brunei?)". Palembang and Bali were also within Majapahit's sphere, but were more troublesome. </i></p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1345</span><br /><br />Arab traveller and writer Ibn Battuta visits Pasai on Sumatra.<br /><br /><i>Ibn Battuta reported that the Muslims he met followed the madhhab or legal school of Shafi'i, which is the school followed by almost all Muslim Indonesians today.</i><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1347</span><br /><br />Adityavarman, king of Melayu or Jambi, rules Minangkabau for Majapahit.<br /><br /><i>Adityavarman had been kept at the court of Majapahit as a boy. When he came of age, he ruled over Melayu as a vassal of Majapahit, and extended the influence of Majapahit into the Minangkabau areas of Sumatra.</i><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1350</span><br /><br /><p> Hayam Wuruk becomes King of Majapahit. </p><p> Majapahit conquers the Islamic kingdoms of Pasai and Aru (later Deli, near Medan) in northern Sumatra.<br /></p><p><i>The poet Mpu Tantular of Majapahit, who lived about this time, is remembered for coining the motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Eka", which is Indonesia's national motto today. (The meaning is very similar to the United States' "E Pluribus Unum": "Unity in Diversity".)</i></p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1351</span><br /><br />Hayam Wuruk asks to marry the daughter of the King of Pajajaran. The King of Pajajaran agrees, and travels to Bubat in eastern Java for the ceremonies. At the last minute, Gajah Mada insists that the daughter be handed over as an act of tribute from a dependent king. The King of Pajajaran refuses to submit, violence breaks out, and the entire company from Pajajaran is killed. Pajajaran becomes a dependency of Majapahit for several years.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1364</span><br /><br />Gajah Madah passes away. The many responsibilities that he handled are considered to be too burdensome for one normal person, so his duties are divided between four new government posts.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1377</span><br /><br />Majapahit sends a navy against Palembang, a remnant of Srivijaya, and conquers it.<br /><br /><i>The King of Palembang sent a courier to China, offering his kingdom to the emperor in exchange for protection. The Emperor of China accepted the offer, and sent officials in return, but by the time the officials got to Palembang, it had already been conquered by Majapahit, and they were executed.</i><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1387</span><br /><br />Empu Jamatka founds Banjarmasin.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1389</span><br /><br />Hayam Wuruk passes away and is succeeded by Wikramawarddhana. Another son of Hayam Wuruk, Wirabumi, disputes the succession. Beginning of the decline of Majapahit.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1400<br /><br /></span>Aceh converts to Islam.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1401</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"><br /></span>War of succession begins in Majapahit, lasting four years, with the rebellious forces led by Wirabumi. The power of Majapahit begins to lessen. <p> Paramesvara, a prince of Palembang (and descendant of the Sailendras), is driven from Palembang to Tumasik (today's Singapore), then ruled by a local chief under the King of Siam. Paramesvara kills the chief and takes Tumasik for himself. </p><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/besakih.jpg" alt="" width="251" align="middle" border="0" height="164" /><br /><i><b>Temple complex at Besakih, in Gelgel on Bali:</b> Around this time, the kings of Gelgel began to rule as "dewa agung", or chief king, in Bali.</i> </p><div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Also around this time, Palembang fell under the control of Chinese pirates.</i></div><p> </p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1402</span></p><p>Paramesvara is driven from Tumasik by the King of Pahang (or perhaps Patani), acting on behalf of the King of Siam. Paramesvara with his followers founds Melaka on the west coast of Malaya.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1404</span></p><p>Paramesvara sends an embassy to Beijing, receives promise of protection from China.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1405</span></p><p>Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho visits Semarang. </p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1406</span></p><p>Wirabumi is executed, and his head is brought to the court of Majapahit. The war of succession ends. </p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1409</span></p>Cheng Ho visits Melaka for the first time.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1411</span><br /><br />Paramesvara visits Beijing on a state visit.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1414<br /><br /></span>Paramesvara converts to Islam, and takes the name Iskandar Syah, after marrying the daughter of the Sultan of Pasai. Melaka is now an Islamic sultanate.<br /><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/islam.jpg" alt="" width="129" align="middle" border="0" height="129" /> </p><p style="text-align: center;"> <i><b>Islam</b>, one of Indonesia's five religions. </i></p><p style="text-align: center;"> <i><i>The Islamic religion had been common among traders in Sumatra and Java for some time. The Singhasari and Majapahit kingdoms probably had a few Muslims involved in their courts. Large-scale conversions to Islam began when local kings adopted the new religion. Aceh and Melaka were among the first. Most of Java did not become Muslims until the early 1500s.</i> </i></p><div style="text-align: center;"> <i><i>(Today, over 85% of Indonesians are Muslims.)</i></i></div><p><i> </i></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><i>See also <b><a href="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/islam.shtml">Notes on Islam in Modern Indonesia</a></b>.</i></i></div><p style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></p><p style="text-align: center;"> <i><i>(Today, over 85% of Indonesians are Muslims.)</i> </i></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><i>See also <b><a href="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/islam.shtml">Notes on Islam in Modern Indonesia</a></b>.</i></i></div><p><i> </i></p><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1414</span><br /><br />First masjid founded on Ambon island.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1419</span><br /><br />Iskandar Syah of Melaka visits China to ask for help against Siam.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1424</span><br /><br />Iskandar Syah passes away aged 72. His son takes the title Sri Maharaja, and immediately travels to China to seek support.<br /><br /><i>The son and grandson of Iskandar Syah included Hindu titles in their names; some scholars have interpreted this as meaning that Islam was not yet firmly established in Melaka.</i><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1427</span><br /><br />Queen Suhita inherits the Majapahit kingdom from Wikramawardhana.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1445</span><br /><br /><p> Hindu revolt in Melaka against Islam is suppressed. </p><p> Thai attack on Melaka is driven back.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1445</span></p><p>Muzaffar Syah leads a coup in Melaka and takes the throne.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1447</span></p><p> Kertawijaya, brother of Suhita, becomes King of Majapahit. He converts to Islam on the advice of his wife, Darawati, a princess of Champa (in what is now Vietnam). </p><p> Sunan Ampel, nephew of Kertawijaya, works to spread Islam around Surabaya.<br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/ampel.jpg" alt="" width="130" align="middle" border="0" height="160" /><br /><i><b>Sunan Ampel</b> in a traditional portrait. Sunan Ampel was the first notable member of the Nine Walis or Walisongo, Islamic teachers who worked to spread Islam around Java in the late 1400s and early 1500s. See also the separate page on the <b><a href="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/walisongo.shtml">Walisongo</a></b>.</i></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1450</span></p><p>Around this time, the Bugis state of Wajo is founded in Sulawesi.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1451</span></p><p>King Kertawijaya is murdered and replaced by Rajasawardhana, who hinders the spread of Islam in Majapahit.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1456</span></p><p> Thai attack on Melaka by sea is driven back. Melaka's forces are led by Tun Perak. </p><p> Bhre Wengker becomes king of Majapahit after three years of chaos.<br /></p><p><i>Around this time, Palembang converted to Islam.</i></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1459</span></p><p> Muzaffar Syah of Melaka is succeeded by Raja Abdullah or Mansur Syah. </p><p> Mansur Syah of Melaka conquers Kedah and Pahang from the Thais. The forces of Melaka are led by Tun Perak. Pahang becomes an Islamic sultanate under Melaka. </p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1460</span></p><p>Kingdom of Aru (near Deli) on Sumatra becomes independent.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1466</span></p><p> Suraprabhawa becomes king of Majapahit. </p><p> Kyai Demung founds Sumenep on Madura; breaks away from Majapahit control. </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1468</span><p>Court rebellion in Majapahit: Bhre Kertabhumi drives Suraprabhawa out of his court at Tumapel. Suraprabhawa moves his seat to Daha, near Kediri. </p><p><i>Around this time, many Hindus from Majapahit left Java for Bali.</i></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1470</span></p><p>Tanah Hitu kingdom is founded on Ambon.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1475</span></p><p>Ternate and Tidore convert to Islam. </p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1477</span></p><p>Ala'uddin Riayat Syah, son of Mansur Syah, becomes Sultan of Melaka. Tun Perak exercises great power in the Sultanate. </p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1478</span></p><p> The Daha region under Girindrawardhana, a great-grandson of Kertawijaya, revolts. Majapahit kingdom falls into chaos. Bhre Kertabumi, King of Majapahit at Tumapel, flees to Demak. Girindrawardhana sets himself up as ruler in Majapahit. </p><p> Islamic Kingdom of Demak is founded by Raden Patah (or Fattah), a prince of Majapahit (son of King Kertawijaya by a Chinese wife). Masjid is founded at Demak. </p><p> Islamic Sultanate founded at Cirebon, formerly a possession of the Pajajaran King Siliwangi.<br /></p><p><i>By the 1490s, the Portuguese had sailed around the southern tip of Africa and had landed in India.</i></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1486</span></p><p> Zainal Abidin becomes Sultan of Ternate, until 1500. (First ruler of Ternate to be titled Sultan rather than King.) </p><p> Court of Majapahit moves to Kediri.</p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1488</span></p><p> Mahmud becomes Sultan of Melaka. </p><p> First mention of Bandung in historical records.<br /></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1495</span></p><p>Ciriliyati becomes Sultan of Tidore. (First ruler of Tidore to be titled Sultan rather than King.) </p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1498</span></p><p>Tun Perak, military leader in Melaka, passes away.</p><p><i>Sultan Mahmud of Melaka was considered to be a weak ruler. Tun Perak and his successors exercised the real power in the Sultanate. The last several years of Mahmud's time on the throne were spent in warfare with Siam, right up until the Portuguese conquest in 1511.</i></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Indonesia About Year 1500</span></p><p>Palembang converts to Islam. </p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">By : gimonca</span></p></div>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-52528650043938820592009-03-30T01:00:00.000-07:002009-03-30T08:08:40.932-07:00Indonesia About 100 - 1000<p style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Indonesia About Year 100</span><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Dvipantara" or "Jawa Dwipa" kingdom is reported by Indian scholars to be in Java and Sumatra. Prince Aji Saka introduces writing system to Java based on scripts of southern India. Hindu kings rule the area around Kutai on Kalimantan. "Langasuka" kingdom founded around Kedah in Malaya.<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"><span style="font-size:100%;">Indonesia About Year 130</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Salaka or Salanka kingdom, Salakanegara, is founded in West Java.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"><span style="font-size:100%;">Indonesia About Year 400</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Taruma kingdom or Tarumanegara flourishes in West Java. </p><p> </p><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>In these early days, many new plants were introduced into Indonesia, including pepper and teak.<br /></i><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/hindu.jpg" alt="" width="130" align="middle" height="120" /></p><i>The Naskah Wangsakerta, a document written in Cirebon many years later, mentions the first king of Tarumanegara as taking power in the year 358, and lists a line of kings through 669.</i></div><p> </p><p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Indonesia About Year 425</span></p><p>Buddhism reaches Sumatra.<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Records from these days in Indonesia are scarce, but we do know that sophisticated cultures already existed. The kings and cities of Sumatra and Java are mentioned in records from China, because ambassadors were sent there. Arabs and Persians knew about the area from traders, and even the Greeks and Romans had very distant reports.</i></div><p> </p><div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Records from inside Indonesia are very few, though, since writing was done on palm leaves and other materials that did not survive well. Much of our knowledge comes from stone buildings and inscriptions. By the time we start to get a clear history of Java and Sumatra, there are already great buildings in stone, fine sculptures, classical music and dance, much as we know them today.<br /><br /></i><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 500</span><br /><i><br /></i><div style="text-align: justify;">Beginning of Srivijaya kingdom near Palembang, in Sumatra.<br /></div><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 600</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Melayu kingdom flourishes around present-day Jambi on Sumatra.<br /><br /><i>Chinese records from around this time mention kingdoms at Jambi and Palembang on Sumatra, and three kingdoms on Java, a western kingdom related to the Taruma of inscriptions, a central kingdom called "Kalinga", and an eastern kingdom with a capital perhaps near Surabaya or Malang.</i><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 670</span><br /><br /><p style="text-align: justify;"> Chinese traveller I Ching visits Palembang, capital of Srivijaya. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Hindu temples built in the high Dieng plateau of central Java. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> About this time, the first Sunda kingdom rises after the end of the Tarumanegara kingdom. </p><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 686<br /><br /></span>Srivijaya takes the Melayu kingdom at Jambi, and sends an expedition against the kingdoms in Java.<br /><br /><i>Stone tablets dated 683 and 686 from southern Sumatra and Bangka describe the military campaigns of Srivijaya against Melayu and Java. They are the oldest known writings in any Malayo-Polynesian language.</i><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 700 </span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Suwawa kingdom flourishes in North Sulawesi.<br /><i>By now, Srivijaya had also conquered Kedah, on the Malay peninsula.</i><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 732 </span><br /><br />Sanjaya founds the Sanjaya line of princes in central Java.<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 770 </span><br /><p style="text-align: justify;"> Sailendra King Vishnu (or Dharmatunga) begins building Borobudur. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Beginning of building activity on the plain of Prambanan. </p><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/buddha.jpg" alt="" width="140" align="middle" border="0" height="127" /> </p><div style="text-align: center;"> <i><b>Buddhism</b>, one of Indonesia's five religions.</i></div><p> </p><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 782</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Sailendra king Vishnu is succeeded by Indra (or Sangramadhanamjaya).<br /></div><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 790</span><br /><br />Sailendra kingdom attacks and defeats Chenla (today Cambodia); rules over Chenla for about 12 years.<br /><i>The Sailendra kings remembered that their ancestors came from what is now Thailand or Cambodia.</i><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 812</span><br /><br />Sailendra king Indra is succeeded by Samaratunga.<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 825</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Borobudur is finished under king Samaratunga.<br /></div><br /><p style="text-align: center;"> <img src="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/borob.jpg" alt="" width="180" align="middle" height="118" /> </p><div style="text-align: center;"> <i><b>Borobudur</b></i><br /><i> Borobudur is a huge Buddhist monument covering a volcanic hill a few miles between present-day Magelang and Yogyakarta. It is in levels representing the stages to enlightenment. The large central stupa is empty. The many beautiful relief sculptures may have been used to educate young monks.<br /></i><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 835</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Samaratunga passes away. His young son Balaputra has the throne taken from him by the father of his sister's husband, Patapan of Sanjaya, who replaces Buddhism on Java with Hinduism.<br /><br /><i>By this time, Buddhist culture had spread as far east as Lombok.</i><br /></div><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 838</span><br /><br />Patapan is succeeded by his son Pikatan (or Jatiningrat).<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 846</span><br /><br />Tidore is visited by a representative of the Caliph al-Mutawakkil from Baghdad.<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 850</span><br /><br /><p style="text-align: justify;"> Pikatan defeats forces of Balaputra, then resigns the throne to become an ascetic. He is succeeded by Kayuwani. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Balaputra, claimant to the Sailendra throne, escapes to Sumatra and takes power in Srivijaya. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> King Warmadewa rules on Bali.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>From about this time we have a version of the Ramayana epic in the Old Javanese language. The work is sophisticated, and there were probably many earlier such works in Old Javanese that have not survived.</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 898</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sanjaya King Balitung takes power in central Java.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>Stone tablets of King Balitung are the first mention of "Mataram" in central Java.</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 910</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sanjaya King Daksa succeeds Balitung in Mataram. He begins building the major Hindu temples at Prambanan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 919</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sanjaya King Tulodong succeeds Daksa; reigns until 921.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 924</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sanjaya King Wawa takes throne of Mataram, rules until 928.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 929</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sanjaya King Mpu Sindok takes power. He moves the court from Mataram to East Java (near Jombang). </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>A major eruption of Mount Merapi in 928 or 929 may have been the reason that the king of Mataram and many of his subjects moved east.</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 947</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sri Isana Tunggawijaya, daughter of Mpu Sindok, succeeds Mpu Sindok as ruler in East Java.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 975</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">King Udayana of Bali, father of Airlangga, is born.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 985</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Dharmavamsa becomes king of Mataram. He conquers Bali and founds a settlement in western Kalimantan.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>Dharmavamsa is also remembered for ordering the translation of the Mahabharata into Javanese.</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 990</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Dharmavamsa and Mataram send an army overseas to attack Srivijaya and take Palembang, but fail.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Indonesia About Year 992</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">King Chulamanivarmadeva of Srivijaya sends an ambassador to China to ask for protection against the forces of Dharmavamsa from Java.</p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 204, 204);">By : gimonca</span><br /></p></div></div><p> </p></div></div></div><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4767751506841401283.post-21201762997716828462009-03-23T05:36:00.000-07:002009-03-30T07:12:09.314-07:00Indonesia<title>Flagcounter.com: Indonesia</title>Indonesia Population: 237,512,352
<br /><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 102); font-weight: bold;">Background</span>
<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;">The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in December 2006.
<br /></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist movement in Papua.</p><ul><li>Archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited);
<br /></li><li>straddles equator;
<br /></li><li>strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean.</li></ul><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Location:</span> Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Geographic coordinates </span>: 5 00 S, 120 00 E.
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Area</span> : total: 1,919,440 sq km.
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">land :</span> 1,826,440 sq km.
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">water</span> : 93,000 sq km.
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Size comparison </span>: slightly less than three times the size of Texas.
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Land Boundaries</span> : total: 2,830 km.
<br /><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Border countries</span> : Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Coastline</span> : 54,716 km
<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Maritime claims</span> : measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
<br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Territorial sea</span>: 12 nm
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Exclusive economic zone</span> : 200 nm
<br />
<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Climate</span> : tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Terrain</span> : mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Elevation extremes</span> : lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Highest point</span> : Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
<br /></div>
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Natural resources</span> : petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver.
<br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Land use</span> : arable land: 11.03%
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Permanent crops</span> : 7.04%
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">other</span> : 81.93% (2005)
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Irrigated land</span> : 45,000 sq km (2003)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Natural hazards</span> : occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,
<br />volcanoes, forest fires.
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Current Environment Issues</span> : deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,
<br />sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">International Environment Agreements</span> : party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
<br />Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
<br />Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
<br />Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" ><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">People</span></span>
<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Population</span> : 237,512,352 (July 2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Age structure</span> : 0-14 years: 28.4% (male 34,343,198/female 33,175,135)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">15-64 years</span> : 65.7% (male 78,330,830/female 77,812,339)
<br />
<br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">65 years and over</span> : 5.8% (male 6,151,305/female 7,699,548) (2008 est.)
<br /><p style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Median age</span> : total: 27.2 years
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">male</span> : 26.7 years
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">female</span> : 27.7 years (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Population growth rate</span> : 1.175% (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Birth rate</span> : 19.24 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Death rate</span> : 6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Net migration rate</span> : -1.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Sex ratio: at birth</span> : 1.05 male(s)/female
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Under 15 years</span> : 1.03 male(s)/female
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">15-64 years</span> : 1.01 male(s)/female
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">65 years and over</span> : 0.8 male(s)/female
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Total population</span> : 1 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Infant mortality rate</span> : total: 31.04 deaths/1,000 live births
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">male</span> : 36.14 deaths/1,000 live births
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">female</span> : 25.68 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Life expectancy at birth</span> : total population: 70.46 years
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">male</span> : 67.98 years
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">female</span> : 73.07 years (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Total fertility rate</span> : 2.34 children born/woman (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate</span> : 0.1% (2003 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS</span> : 110,000 (2003 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">HIV/AIDS - deaths</span> : 2,400 (2003 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Nationality</span> : noun : Indonesian(s)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">adjective</span> : Indonesian
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Ethnic groups</span> : Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census).
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Religions</span> : Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other
<br />or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Languages</span> : Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch,
<br />local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese).
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Literacy</span> : definition : age 15 and over can read and write
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">total population</span> : 90.4%
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">male</span> : 94%
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">female</span> : 86.8% (2004 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 102); font-weight: bold;">Government</span></span>
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Country name</span> : conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">conventional short form</span> : Indonesia
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">local long form</span> : Republik Indonesia
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">local short form</span> : Indonesia
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">former</span> : Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Government type</span> : republic
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Capital </span>: name: Jakarta
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">geographic coordinates</span> : 6 10 S, 106 49 E
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">time difference</span> : UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">note</span> : Indonesia is divided into three time zones
<br />
<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Administrative divisions</span> : 30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Papua Barat (Irian Jaya Barat), Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*.
<br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">note</span> : following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 465 regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Independence</span> : 17 August 1945 (declared)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">note</span> : recognized by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949; in August 2005, the Netherlands announced it recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945.
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">National holiday</span> : Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Constitution</span> : August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002.
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Legal system </span>: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction.
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Suffrage</span> : 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Executive branch</span> : chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government.
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Head of government</span> : <span style="font-weight: bold;">President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</span> (since 20 October 2004); Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004).
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">cabinet</span> : Cabinet appointed by the president
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">elections </span>: president and vice president were elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004 (next to be held on 8 July 2009).
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">election results</span> : Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%.
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Legislative branch</span> : House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats; members elected to serve five-year terms); House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating and impeaching president and in amending constitution; consists of members of DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulate national policy.
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">elections</span> : last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held on 9 April 2009)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">election results</span> : percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50.
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">note</span> : because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties.
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Judicial branch</span> : Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); a separate Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006.
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Political parties and leaders</span> : Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [MS KABAN]; Democratic Party or PD [Hadi UTOMO]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI].
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Political pressure groups and leaders</span> : Indonesian Women's Coalition (Koalisi Perempuan - human rights group); Islamic Defenders Front or FPI; National Alliance for Freedom of Religion and Faith; Oil Palm Watch (environmental).
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">International organization participation</span> : ADB, APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, nIFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO.
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Diplomatic representation in the US</span> : chief of mission: Ambassador SUDJADNAN Parnohadiningrat
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">chancery</span> : 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">telephone </span>: [1] (202) 775-5200
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">FAX</span> : [1] (202) 775-5365
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">consulate(s) general</span> : Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Diplomatic representation from the US </span>: chief of mission: Ambassador Cameron R. HUME.
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">embassy</span> : Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">mailing address </span>: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">telephone</span> : [62] (21) 3435-9000
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">FAX</span> : [62] (21) 3435-9922
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">consulate(s) general</span> : Surabaya
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<br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 102); font-weight: bold;">Economy</span></span>
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<br />Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has made significant economic advances under the administration of President YUDHOYONO, but faces challenges stemming from the global financial crisis and world economic downturn. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has been declined steadily because of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship. The government has introduced significant reforms in the financial sector including tax and customs reforms, the use of Treasury bills, and improved capital market supervision. Indonesia's new investment law, passed in March 2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domestic investors. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and
<br />unequal resource distribution among regions. The non-bank financial sector, including pension funds and insurance, remains weak, and despite efforts to broaden and deepen capital markets, they remain underdeveloped. Economic difficulties in early 2008 centered on high global food and oil prices and their impact on Indonesia's poor and on the budget. The onset of the global financial crisis relieved inflation but also brought a host of new problems: a rout in the stock market, a difficult environment for bond issuance, lower prices for Indonesia's
<br />commodities exports, and prospects for lower growth overall.
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">GDP (purchasing power parity)</span> : $932.1 billion (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">GDP (official exchange rate)</span> : $496.8 billion (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">GDP - real growth rate</span> : 5.9% (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">GDP - per capita (PPP)</span> : $3,900 (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">GDP - composition by sector </span>: agriculture: 13.5%
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">industry</span> : 45.6%
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">services</span> : 40.8% (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Labor force</span> : 112 million (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Labor force - by occupation</span> : agriculture: 42.1%
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">industry </span>: 18.6%
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">services</span> : 39.3% (2006 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Unemployment rate</span> : 8.2% (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Population below poverty line</span> : 17.8% (2006)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Household income or consumption by percentage share </span>: lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10% : 28.5% (2002)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Distribution of family income - Gini index </span>: 39.4 (2005)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Inflation rate (consumer prices)</span> : 10.5% (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Investment (gross fixed)</span> : 25.2% of GDP (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Budget: revenues</span> : $90.17 billion
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">expenditures</span> : $96.87 billion (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Public deb t</span>: 30.1% of GDP (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Agriculture - products </span>:
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Industries </span>: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourisml
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Industrial production growth rate</span> :
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Electricity - production </span>: 125.7 billion kWh (2006 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Electricity - consumption </span>: 110.7 billion kWh (2006 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Electricity - exports</span> : 0 kWh (2007 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Electricity - imports</span> : 0 kWh (2007 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Oil - production</span> : 1.044 million bbl/day (2007 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Oil - consumption</span> : 1.219 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Oil - exports</span> : 470,000 bbl/day (2006 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Oil - imports</span> : 500,000 bbl/day (2006 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Oil - proved reserves </span>: 4.37 billion bbl (1 January 2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Natural gas - production </span>: 56 billion cu m (2007 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Natural gas - consumption</span> : 23.4 billion cu m (2007 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Natural gas - exports</span> : 32.6 billion cu m (2007 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Natural gas - imports</span> : 0 cu m (2007 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Natural gas - proved reserves</span> : 2.659 trillion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Current account balance</span> : $2.485 billion (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Exports</span> : $141 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Exports - commodities</span> : oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Exports - partners </span>: Japan 20.7%, US 10.2%, Singapore 9.2%, China 8.5%, South Korea 6.6%, Malaysia 4.5%, India 4.3% (2007)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Imports</span> : $114.3 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0); font-weight: bold;">Imports - commodities</span> : machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs.
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">Imports - partners</span> : Singapore 13.2%, China 11.5%, Japan 8.8%, Malaysia 8.6%, US 6.4%, Thailand 5.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.5%, South Korea 4.3%, Australia 4% (2007)
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<br />R<span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0); font-weight: bold;">eserves of foreign exchange and gold</span> : $51.74 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Debt - external</span> : $143.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Stock of direct foreign investment - at home</span> : $63.46 billion (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad </span>: $4.277 billion (2008 est.)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Market value of publicly traded shares </span>: $211.7 billion (31 December 2007)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Currency (code)</span> : Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Exchange rates </span>: Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,558.1 (2008 est.), 9,056 (2007 est.), 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Fiscal year </span>: calendar year
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<br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">Communications</span></span>
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Telephones in use </span>: 17.828 million (2007)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Cellular Phones in use</span> : 81.835 million (2007)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Telephone system</span> : general assessment: domestic service fair, international service
<br />good.
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">domestic</span> : interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system; coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile cellular subscribership growing rapidly.
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">international </span>: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean).
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Radio broadcast stations</span> : AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Television broadcast stations</span> : 54 local TV stations (11 national TV networks;
<br />each with its group of local transmitters) (2006)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Internet country code </span>: .id
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Internet hosts </span>: 753,200 (2008)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Internet users </span>: 13 million (2007)
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<br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 102); font-weight: bold;">Transportation</span></span>
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Airports</span> : 652 (2007)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Airports (paved runways)</span> : total: 158
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">over 3,047 m </span>: 4
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">2,438 to 3,047 m </span>: 15
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">1,524 to 2,437 m</span> : 51
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">914 to 1,523 m</span> : 49
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">under 914 m</span> : 39 (2007)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Airports (unpaved runways)</span> : total: 494
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">1,524 to 2,437 m</span> : 5
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">914 to 1,523 m</span> : 27
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">under 914 m</span> : 462 (2007)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Heliports</span> : 17 (2007)
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Pipelines </span>: condensate 963 km; condensate/gas 81 km; gas 9,003 km; oil 7,471 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 1,365 km (2007).
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Railways</span> : total: 6,458 km
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">narrow gauge</span> : 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2006).
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Roadways </span>: total: 391,009 km
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">paved</span> : 216,714 km
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">unpaved</span> : 174,295 km (2005)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Waterways</span> : 21,579 km (2008)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Merchant marine</span> : total: 971
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<br />by type: bulk carrier 54, cargo 514, chemical tanker 35, container 80, liquefied gas 7, passenger 44, passenger/cargo 68, petroleum tanker 143, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 10, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 4.
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<br />F<span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">oreign-owned</span> : 43 (China 2, France 1, Germany 1, Japan 6, Norway 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 27, Taiwan 2, UAE 2).
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Registered in other countries</span> : 114 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 1, Hong Kong 7, Liberia 2, Mongolia 1, Panama 31, Singapore 66, unknown 2) (2008)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Ports and terminals </span>: Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok
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<br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">Military</span></span>
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Military branches</span> : Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2008).
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Military service age and obligation</span> : 18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008).
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Manpower available for military service</span> : males age 16-49: 63,800,825
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">females age 16-49</span> : 61,729,717 (2008 est.)
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-weight: bold;">Manpower fit for military service</span> : males age 16-49: 52,367,788
<br />
<br />females age 16-49: 52,129,123 (2008 est.)
<br /></p>Susilohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03164939570363925026noreply@blogger.com0